SVET HAKERA

!!! NOVA ADRESA - WWW.SVETHAKERA.COM

2009-03-03T01:30:00.006+01:00

Postovani posetioci,

SVETHAKERA je od 1. marta 2009. godine prebacen na novu adresu:

www.svethakera.com

Hakeri napali sajt emisije "Peščanik", radija B92

2009-01-26T09:17:00.004+01:00

Internet prezentacija emisije radija B92, Peščanik, nedostupna je od nedelje 25. januara jer su stranicu napali hakeri.

Autorke istoimene emisije, koja se na radiju B92 emituje od 2000. godine, saopštile su da se radi o sinhronizovanoj akciji sa više lokacija, zbog kojih je sadržaj sajta nedostupan. B92 traži od nadležnih da pronađu odgovorne za ovaj i spreče buduće napade.

Umesto autoskih tekstova, snimaka radio emisije koja se emituje na B92 i drugih sadržaja, na sajtu Peščanika trenutno se nalazi obaveštenje autorki Svetlane Lukić, Svetlane Mesarović i njihovog tima, da je sadržaj sajta nedostupan.

original vest sa sajta B92

Hakeri iz Srbije napali sajt Zavoda za statistiku Kosova

2009-01-08T10:51:00.003+01:00

Hakeri iz Srbije napali su sajt Zavoda za staistiku Kosova (www.ks-gov.net/esk), javili su elektronski mediji u Prištini. Hakeri su na sajt postavili natpis "Kosovo je srce Srbije" i državnu zastavu Srbije.

Odgovornost za ovaj akt preuzela je organizacija koja se predstavila kao "CoNsT".

Vest preuzeta sa Blic Online.

Video zapisi (2) - istorija hakovanja

2008-12-16T22:28:00.005+01:00

The History Of Hacking Documentary (50:08)

Slike hakovanih sajtova

2008-12-12T19:52:00.009+01:00

Ovde možete videti kako su izgledali sajtovi i forumi posle napada hakera. (Klikni za veću sliku)

Poziv Obami da napravi tim za zaštitu od hakera

2008-12-09T22:55:00.002+01:00

Eksperti za državnu upravu i industriju savetovali su budućeg predsednika SAD Baraka Obamu da u okviru Bele Kuće formira odeljenje čiji će prioritet biti eliminisanje hakera i ostalih sajber kriminalaca sa Interneta.

U izveštaju Komisije za sajber bezbednost piše da bi novoosnovano odeljenje takođe bilo odgovorno za koordinisanje bezbednosti USA vojske, obaveštajne službe i civilnih agencija.

Američki stručnjaci smatraju da bi osnivanje ove kancelarije zahtevalo i nove zakone, koji bi omogućili bržu istragu, i regulativu u javnom i privatnom sektoru koja bi zaustavila sramotne upade u Pentagon, Belu Kuću, Stejt Department i ostale institucije u koje je proteklih godina upadano iz inostranstva, prvenstveno Kine i Rusije.

Originalna vest u celini na www.redorbit.com

Video zapisi (1)

2008-12-09T20:53:00.005+01:00

Documentary: New York City Hackers (30:19)
Hackers In Wonderland (47:40)
Kevin Mitnick - The Art of Deception (8:24)

Documentary: New York City Hackers (30:19)

Hackers In Wonderland (47:40)

Kevin Mitnick - The Art of Deception

Majka osuđenog hakera apeluje na premijera Velike Britanije

2008-12-08T02:05:00.006+01:00

Majka Garyja McKinnona, hakera koji je uhapšen zbog upada u kompjuter Pentagona u potrazi za dokazima o postojanju vanzemaljaca, tražila je od premijera Velike Britanije Gordona Browna da zaustavi isporučenje njenog sina u USA gde ga očekuje suđenje i moguća kazna od 60 godina zatvora.

Pokret za zaštitu prava autističnih osoba takođe se priključio kampanji, predavši pismo podrške Garyju premijeru pre održavanja protesta ispred ambasade USA.

Garyjeva majka, Janis Sharp, zatražila je od premijera da se njenom sinu sudi u Velikoj Britaniji, imajući u vidu da je kod Garyja ustanovljen Aspergerov sindrom, koji važi za oblik autizma.

“Gary ima pravo na suđenje u svojoj zemlji i isporučivanje bi imalo katastrofalne posledice na njegovo mentalno zdravlje koje je već ugroženo poslednjih šest godina stresom zbog odluke o isporučivanju”, navodi se u pismu.

Jacqui Smith, državni sekretar Velike Britanije je već odbila da dozvoli suđenje u Velikoj Britaniji.

Organizacije koje zastupaju ljude sa autizmom insistiraju da se Garyjevo stanje, kao i stanje ljudi sa posebnim potrebama, razmotri pred pravosudnim sistemom. Članovi ovih organizacija smatraju da je Vlada Velike Britanije odgovorna za Garyjevo hakovanje jer nije učinila ništa kako bi unapredila dijagnostikovanje autizma. Pošto Gary McKinnon nije znao da boluje od Aspergerovog sindroma do ovog leta, članovi smatraju, da mu je ova bolest dijagnostikovana ranije, on možda nikada ne bi dobio opsesivnu ideju da dokaze o postojanju NLO-a potraži u kompjuterima Pentagona.

Originalnu vest možete pročitati na sajtu The Inquirer.

Neozbiljnost "ahilova peta" sajtova

2008-12-08T01:05:00.003+01:00

Konsultant za Internet sigurnost Danilo Cvjetičanin kaže da u Srbiji do obaranja sajtova dolazi zbog neozbiljnosti sistem administratora.

Albansko-kosovska hakerska grupa srušila je juče više sajtova u Srbiji, među kojima su predizborni sajt Borisa Tadića, aerodroma "Nikola Tesla", "Podrži Srbiju", kao i portal Serbiancafe.

Konsultant za Internet sigurnost Danilo Cvjetičanin objašnjava za B92 da u Srbiji do ovakvih slučajeva dolazi zbog velike neozbiljnosti sistem administratora domaćih sajtova.

“Oni nisu ažurni u svom poslu, ne rešavaju probleme do samog sajta i servera. Redovno sam radio analize naših poznatih sajtova i obaveštavao, pošto imam blizak izvor informacija od albanske hakerske grupe, da će sajtovi biti rušeni, čak i do mesec dana unapred”, rekao je Cvjetičanin.

Cvjetičanin kaže da je u saradnji sa Ministarstvom pravde u Srbiji već registrovan Centar za istraživanje kompjuterskog kriminala.

U tom centru vršiće se obuke, kako se problemi sa hakerskim grupama ubuduće ne bi više dešavali.

“Posle rušenja tih naših velikih sajtova, dogovorili smo se da već u ponedeljak imamo sastanak, kako bismo se dogovorili oko detalja, kako bismo odmah krenuli sa radom. Već sam sklopio dogovore sa veb-dizajnerskim kućama, koji su izrađivali ove i neke druge sajtove i počinjemo sa saradnjom, da bi se ti problemi rešili”, rekao je Cvjetičanin.

Podsetimo, albanske hakerske grupe u Srbiji su već napadale sajtove Ministarstva poljoprivrede i SPC-a, koji su posle nekoliko sati uspešno vraćeni u funkciju.

Izvor: B92

Srodna tema: Intervju sa srpskim i albanskim hakerima, oktobar 2008

Svi tekstovi o srpskim i albanskim hakerima na ovom blogu

KHG napali sajt predsednika Srbije, aerodroma NT, "Serbiancaffe" i "Podrži Srbiju"

2008-12-06T18:19:00.010+01:00

Albansko-kosovska hakerska grupa "srušila" je sajtove aerodroma "Nikola Tesla", predizborni sajt Borisa Tadića, "Podrži Srbiju", kao i portal SerbianCafe.

Internet prezentaciji aerodroma bilo je nemoguće je pristupiti, dok se na ostalim sajtovima umesto tekstova otvarala stranica sa crnom pozadinom, grbom Albanije u crvenoj boji na kome je po sredini belim slovima ispisana skraćenica Kosovske hakerske grupe-KHG.

Ispod toga pisalo je "srećan rođendan" i "ovo je poklon za vaš rođendan". Pored "živelo Kosovo", bila je potpisana "Ujedinjena država Albanija".

Izvor: B92.net

Svi tekstovi o srpskim i albanskim hakerima na ovom blogu

Hakeri napali portal http://www.index.hr/

2008-12-03T20:37:00.003+01:00

VEST PREUZETA SA PORTALA http://www.index.hr/

U PONEDJELJAK u 19 sati i 30 minuta započeli su intenzivni DDoS (Distributed Denial of Service) napadi na Index.hr portal, zbog čega je Index.hr bio 25 sati nedostupan, što nije zabilježeno u šest godina postojanja Indexa.

Tehnički tim Indexa bio je čitavo vrijeme angažiran na ustanovljavanju izvora napada i zaustavljanju napada, u čemu smo uspjeli danas nešto prije ponoći. Vjerujemo i nadamo se da je Index.hr uspio onemogućiti i buduće napade, a savjetom ćemo rado pomoći drugim web stranicama koje se nađu u sličnim problemima.

Tijekom današnjeg dana Index će obaviti detaljnu analizu prikupljenih podataka o napadima te će podnijeti prijave protiv počinitelja i objaviti informacije na portalu.

Celu vest na portalu Index.hr možete pročitati ovde.

Albanski hakeri hakovali srpskog blogera Eniaca

2008-11-14T13:49:00.024+01:00

Naslovna strana jednog od čitanijih srpskih blogova Eniac`s Ground Nebojše Radovića osvanula je danas "ukrašena" potpisima albanske hakerske grupe KHG.

Tako je ova grupa posle napada na zvanične sajtove Republike Srbije, internet prezentacija srpskih teniserki Ane Ivanović i Jelene Janković, sajtove privatnih firmi i pojedinih internet servisa na domenu naše zemlje, odlučila je da se oproba i u hakovanju srpskih blogova.

Nebojša je odmah na svom blogu najavio oštru borbu protiv počinitelja ovog dela.

Ipak, ljutnja ga nije dugo držala, pa je već u večernjim časovima obznanio da se neće nervirati zbog napada :)

IZVOR: Vest objavljena na FB profilu Aleksandra Uroševića, koji je informaciju saznao od prijatelja Miloša.

Svi tekstovi o srpskim i albanskim hakerima na ovom blogu

"Rat" srpskih i albanskih hakera, oktobar 2008

2008-11-13T12:03:00.004+01:00

OKTOBAR 2008

TASTATURA U SLUŽBI POLITIKE ILI DEČIJA IGRA?

(ovaj tekst je objavljen u listovima "Ilustrovana politika" /br.2594 od 2.10.08./ i "Svedok" /br.636 od 30.09.08/)

Da li je navodni „sajber rat“ između srpskih i albanskih hakera zaista ozbiljna politička prepirka u sajber svetu ili samo zanimacija adolescenata koji su napredni korisnici kompjutera?

Napadi grupe hakera koji se potpisuju kao "Kosova Hacking Group - KHG" na sajtove državnih organa Republike Srbije koji su krenuli početkom avgusta nastavljaju se i tokom oktobra. Poslednji u nizu "difejsovanih" sajtova bili su zvanični sajt Skupštine Srbije i sajt Ministarstva finansija. Na drugoj strani, grupa "United Jugoslavia Crew - UJC" ne ostaje dužna i na napade odgovara istom merom, upadima na sajtove albanskih institucija.

Srpska javnost je odmah napade povezala sa političkom situacijom u Srbiji, deleći pomenute tabore na "srpske" i "albanske" hakere. Istina je, ipak, da neki od članova ovih grupa ne dolaze sa teritorija pomenutih zemalja, već i iz drugih zemalja u okruženju. Takođe, pojedini akteri ovih događaja smatraju da je pogrešno njihove aktivnosti dovoditi u vezu sa politikom i religijom.

Jedan od pripadnika grupe „United Jugoslavija Crew - UJC”, star 24 godine, kaže da je difejsovanje albanskih sajtova odgovor na napade albanskih hakera na sajtove SPC i Ministarstva poljoprivrede. On navodi da sve ono što se tokom avgusta meseca dešavalo na Internetu apsolutno nema nikakvih dodirnih tačaka sa politikom i ideologijom i da je UJC reagovala jer smatraju da je učinjena nepravda:

Ne vidim zašto bi sve to imalo ikakve veze sa političkom, ideološkom ili verskom pripadnošću. Kosovo je Srbija, ono je geografski deo Srbije i nikako ne može biti drugačije. Smatrali smo da je potrebno da ukažemo javnosti na to, da ljudi ne zaborave i da nauče nešto jer je to istorijska istina, a direktan povod za naše delovanje bio je napad albanskih hakera na srpske sajtove sa porukama da je Kosovo nezavisno. U isto vreme kada smo mi imali sukob sa albanskim hakerima, ruski hakeri su oborili celu gruzijsku mrežu kada je ubijeno 1500 Rusa, dajući time podršku Abhaziji jer su smatrali da je nad tim narodom učinjena nepravda. To je patriotizam, to svi rade i to nema veze sa bojom kože i verom.

Naš sagovornik kaže da je ova sedmočlana grupa, čiji pripadnici nisu samo iz Srbije, oformljena upravo kao odgovor na aktivnosti albanskih hakera na Internetu:

Zadovoljni smo kako je javnost izveštavala o ovim događanjima, jer je upravo to i bio naš cilj: da se čuje naš glas u borbi protiv nepravde koja je učinjena nad Kosovom. Mi bismo reagovali i u drugim slučajevima priznavanja nezavisnosti ili gušenja volje nekog naroda, u zavisnosti od toga da li bismo to priznavanje ili otcepljenje smatrali nenasilnim.

On, takođe, navodi da članove grupe UJC niko u ime države nije kontaktirao povodom njihovih akcija i da nije moguće predvideti dalji tok dešavanja na Internetu:

Da su nas državni organi Srbije kontaktirali zbog naših aktivnosti, mi sad sigurno ne bismo vodili ovaj razgovor. Što se tiče predviđanja razvoja dalje situacije, mi ćemo sačekati da vidimo šta će druga strana uraditi. Čuli smo da su albanski hakeri dobili podršku turskih. Mi pomoć od drugih nismo tražili, što ne znači da se neko neće ponuditi da nas pojača. Svako od nas u drugim zemljama ima prijatelja koji podržava naš cilj.

Na drugoj strani, pripadnik suprotne grupe, predstavljajući se pod pseudonimom KHG (26), kaže da ova grupa napada samo visoko kotirane srpske sajtove iz osvete zbog hakovanih albanskih sajtova. On takođe poručuje:

Pogledajte ime grupe Ujedinjena Jugoslavija. Jugoslavija je mrtva i živi samo u snovima. I činjenica da je Kosovo Srbija je budalaština. Želimo da prenesemo poruku srpskim hakerima da ne mogu hakovati albanske zvanične sajtove bez osvete sa naše strane. Ako srpski hakeri žele sajber rat, imaće ga.

On tvrdi da je srpskim novinskim agencijama već rečeno da ova grupa kontroliše između 300 i 500 srpskih sajtova i da postoji više od 10 albanskih hakerskih grupa na svetu koje mogu biti "probuđene" u svrhu napada na srpske sajtove :

Srpske agencije nam ne veruju. A Slobodan Marković je izjavio agencijama da mi koristimo besplatan softver za ovo što radimo. To nije u redu sa njegove strane i uskoro ćemo mu pokazati kako koristimo besplatne softvere i naučiti ga lekciju zbog njegovih komentara.

Na zvaničnom sajtu KHG grupe (koji u poslednje vreme nije dostupan, ali autor nije siguran da li sajt nije u funkciji ili je zatvoren samo za IP adrese iz Srbije) postavljena je vest agencije Rojters o napadu KHG na sajt Skupštine Srbije. Takođe, na forumu postoje odeljak u kojima registrovani članovi ostavljaju adrese sajtova koje su hakovali, kao deo u koji se kopiraju izveštavanja medija iz Albanije, ali i Srbije i ostatka sveta o aktivnostima ove grupe. Kada su članovi KHG, koji su se na “potpisivali” na “difejsovanim” sajtovima, u pitanju, ako je verovati podacima sa foruma, rođeni su između 1981. i 1991. godine. Takođe, kao mesta prebivališta pojedinih članova navode se Preševo, Ulcinj i Švajcarska.

Srdjan Mitrović (23), bivsi član blackhatz-a, jedne od najaktivnijih hakerskih grupa na ovim prostorima u prošlosti, autor više tekstova za internet časopise o sigurnosti u IT, web developer i web dizajner kaže da smatra da je postojanje nekog sajber rata izmedju Srba i Albanaca besmislica, kao i vecina drugih kvazi sajber ratova koji su se vodili na ovim prostorima:

Lično sam u prošlosti bio učesnik jednog “rata” i iz svoje perspektive i ličnog iskustva mogu da kažem da na obe strane imamo grupe većinom besposlenih klinaca koji uspevaju da uz široko dostupne alate i javno dostupne exploite iskoriste ranjivosti web sajtova i loše konfiguracije web servera održavanih od lošh sistem administratora. To je gubljenje vremena, na nešto što, realno, ne donosi nikakvu dobit i ne može da ima pobednika. Može da ima samo gubitnike u vidu “middle man” sajtova koji obično nagrabuse ni krivi ni dužni baš zbog činjenice da je većina hakovanih sajtova birana po prioritetima ranjivosti. U ovom slučaju se sve svelo na dokazivanje i propagiranje političkih ideja koje pravog hakera uopšte ne zanimaju. Svi ti kvazi hakeri su zaboravili osnovnu ideju hakovanja i hakera, a to je da hakeri postoje bez boje kože, vere i nacionalne pripadnosti. Pravi hakeri nemaju politička opredeljenja i ne interesuje ih politika. Ovakvo ponašanje i propagiranje političkih ideja i ideala članove pomenutih grupa odmah diskvalifikuje kao hakere, i oni bi se mogli prisetiti osnovnih ideja hakovanja čitajuci Hackers Manifesto (Hakerski Manifest).

Izbor napadnutih srpskih sajtova u toku proteklog meseca nije slučajan jer se većina nalazi na državnim serverima i u vlasništvu su državnih organa i ministarstava. Ipak, među napadnutim sajtovima ima i onih totalno nebitnih za političke prilike i jedina zajednička karakteristika im je to što su na domenu registrovanom na ime Srbije.

Pripadnici i jedne i druge grupe služe se već dobro oprobanim tehnikama ileganog upada na sajtove i web servere, koje se brzo savladaju. Uz gomilu javno dostupnih alata nije mnogo tesko postici željeni rezultat. Ovo sve važi u slucajevima kada sistem administrator zadužen za održavanje loše konfigurise server na kojima se hostuju dotični sajtovi i još lošije ga održava. Takođe, programeri web aplikacija su krivi u slučajevima kada se iskoristi ranjivost samog koda. Kodove pišu ljudi, svaki kod može da ima grešku a samim tim web strana je podložna ekspoataciji iste jer hakeru omogućava da obezbedi neautorizovan pristup sistemu i bez problema da izmeni šta mu treba.

Srdjan Mitrović navodi da su isti alati dostupni obema stranama i da je zbog toga teško odrediti koji nivo znanja o kompjuterima zaista poseduju članovi obe grupe:

Obe strane su u stanju da budu dovoljno tehnički potkovane jer prosto imaju pristup istim stvarima, alatima i tehnikama. Poenta je da ni jedan pravi haker neće uzaludno trošiti vreme na rušenje sajtova iz patriotskih razloga već će težiti da svoje znanje iskoristi kako bi iz toga izvukao korist, bilo legalno ili nelegalno. Retki su oni pravi znalci koji bi se mešali sa ovakvim grupicama, a i ako to urade, to je čisto iz zabave. Sam proces učenja hakovanja je veoma dug i naporan i iziskuje mnoge žrtve u vidu slobodnog vremena i socijalnog zivota. U underground krugovima u kojima se kreću hakeri postoje exploiti i alati koji nisu javno dostupni. Međutim, takvi hakeri ne jurišaju bilo gde i ne razbacuju svoje znanje na difejsovanje sajtova osim ako od toga nemaju veliku korist jer im se ne isplati, ali, naravno da uvek postoje izuzeci.

HAKTIVIZAM

Haktivizam je korišćenje hakerskog umeća i znanja radi promovisanja političkih ideologija i postizanja političkih ciljeva. Srđan Mitrović kaže da haktivisti mogu biti hakeri po nivou znanja, ali su obično omraženi od strane hakerske zajednice zbog propagiranja političkih ideja što je apsolutno nepoželjno u svetu hakera.

Haktivizam ne spada u domen pravog hakera, već osobe koja zaboravila osnovne principe hakerske etike i krenula drugim putem. Tada su te osobe najčešće korišćene kao instrument nekog trećeg lica (politicara, vlade) za ostvarivanje viših ciljeva.

Prema online enciklopediji Wikipedia, jedna od najblažih metoda vođenja sajber rata je Propaganda kojom se političke poruke šalju podsredstvom Interneta licima koja koriste mrežu. U tu grupu takođe spada i Web vandalizam koji podrazumeva izmenu stranica nekog sajta ili prekid između mreže i Interneta pa sajt postaje nedostupan korisnicima.

UJC vS KHG

Na sajtu zone-h, koji predstavlja svojevrsnu bazu podataka o hakerima, grupama i hakovanim sajtovima stoji da je United Jugoslavia Crew prvi put napala neki sajt 19.08.2008. godine i do 05.09. imala je ukupno 77 napada od čega je najveći broj na sajtove sa albanskog domena ili sa sadržajem koji promoviše Albaniju. Na drugoj strani Kosovo Hacking Group je svoje aktivnosti započela 18.03.2005. godine i do 15.09.2008. izvršila ukupno 1819 napada. U poslednja dva meseca na udaru ove grupe su se uz srpske sajtove našli i ruski, italijanski, češki, kao i sajtovi zemalja dalekog istoka što navodi na zaključak da ova grupa ne bira svoje mete prema sadržaju, već prema ranjivostima servera ili sistema koje nisu ispravljene na vreme. Veoma veliki broj napadnutih sajtova je rađen u CMS-u (Content Management System) Joomla, čija su sva izdanja 1.5 verzije imale propust koji je omogućavao neovlašćenm pristup i promenu administratorske lozinke. Veoma je moguće da su hakeri između ostalog, koristili ovaj propust za “difejsovanje” sajtova. Ispravak propusta (tzv. “fix) objavljen je 12. avgusta 2008. godine, tako da su posle tog datuma nastavili da “stradaju” svi oni koji nisu odmah ažurirali svoju verziju Jooml-e.

Statistike napada grupe UJC na sajtu Zone-H

Statistike napada grupe KHG na sajtu Zone-H

HAKOVANJE: MAGIJA ILI UMEŠNOST PROGRAMIRANJA?

Većina IT stručnjaka u Srbiji smatra da uspešnost upada na bilo koji sajt zavisi isključivo od bezbednosnih podešavanja za koje je nadležan administrator servera ili sajta. Dakle, u pitanju je opšte poznata činjenica da je čovek najslabija karika u lancu bezbednosti IT-a i da ovi napadi nisu nikakva "crna magija" već prosta logika: ako ne zaključate vrata od stana kad krenete na posao - svako može da uđe u njega. Srđan Mitrović objašnjava u čemu se sa tehničkog aspekta sastoji navodni sajber rat između srpskih i albanskih hakera:

Lak posao hakerima omogućilo je široko korišćenje gotovih sistema tj CMS-ova kao što su Joomla, Drupal i sl. Joomla je poznata kao najbolji CMS na tržistu, ali takođe sadrži niz ranjivosti za koje redovno izlaze exploiti ali i zakrpe. Medjutim, ako je vlasnik sajta neažuran i ne instalira zakrpu na vreme, onda nastaje situacija da neki klinac sa pravim alatom upadne na sajt i okači albansku zastavu bez ikakvog razloga. Nebitna je činjenica da li sajt ima veze ili nema sa Vladom Srbije, već je bitno da je sajt ranjiv i da se konto hakovanih sajtova povecava. Danasnji “hakeri” se koriste oprobanih tehnikama tipa Remote File Inclusion (RFI) koji omogućava hakerima da pokreću svoj, najčešće zlonameran, kod na udaljenom sajtu ili serveru. U kombinaciji sa Cross-Site scripting napadima i SQL inekcijama rezultat je poražavajuć za obe strane. Uglavnom su to sve dobro proučene tehnike koje su najjednostavnije za izvršenje i nije potrebno mnogo nauke da se savladaju.

Svi tekstovi o srpskim i albanskim hakerima na ovom blogu

The Hacker Manifesto (na srpskom jeziku)

2008-10-16T22:00:00.009+02:00

originalan tekst na engleskom jeziku

\/\Hakerski manifest/\/
autor
+++The Mentor+++

8. Januar 1986

Još jedan je uhvaćen danas, bilo je svuda u novinama. „Tinejdžer uhapšen u skandalu sa kompjuterskim kriminalom“,“Hakeri uhapšeni posle posle provale u banku“...

Prokleto dete. Svi su isti

Ali da li ste vi, u svojim trodelnim psihologijama i tehnomozgovima 50tih ikada pogledali iza očiju hakera? Da li ste se ikada zapitali šta ga je načinilo pulsirajućim, koje sile su ga oblikovale, šta je moglo uobličiti njegov karakter?

Ja sam haker, uđite u moj svet.

Moj svet počinje sa školom...Ja sam pametniji od većine dece, dosadne su mi gluposti kojima nas uče.

Prokleti ponavljač. Svi su isti.

Ja sam ili na kraju osnovne ili u srednjoj školi. Slušao sam profesore koji po petnaesti put objašnjavaju kako oduzeti razlomke. Ja to razumem. „Ne gospođo Smit, nisam doneo domaći zadatak. Uradio sam ga u svojoj glavi...“

Prokleto dete, verovatno je prepisalo. Svi su isti.

Danas sam otkrio nešto. Otkrio sam kompjuter. Čekaj malo, ovo je „cool“. Radi ono što mu jakažem. Ako napravi grešku, to je zato što sam ja nešto zeznuo. Ne zato što me ne voli.
Ili se oseća ugroženim od mene.
Ili misli da sam malo sutra pametan
Ili ne voli učenje i ne bi trebalo da je ovde.

Prokleto dete. Sve što radi jeste da igra igrice. Svi su isti

A onda se dogodilo...vrata sveta su se otvorila...kuljajući kroz telefonsku liniju kao heroin kroz vene narkomana, elektronski puls je oslobođen, beg iz svakodnevnice je viđen...“bord“ je pronađen. „To je to...ovde pripadam.“

Znam sve ljude ovde...iako ih nikada nisam sreo, nikada nisam pričao sa njima, možda ih nikada neću ponovo videti ovde...Znam vas sve!

Proleto dete. Povezuje telefonske linije opet. Svi su isti.

Kladi se u šta hoćes da smo svi isti...bili smo deca koju su hranili kašicama u školi a mi smo žudeli za mesom...meso koje ste nam davali bilo je prežvakano i bezukusno. Nad nama su dominirali sadisti, ignorisali nas ravnodušni. Malobrojni koji su nas nečemu naučili bili su kao kapi vode u pustinji.

Ovo je naš svet sada...svet elektrona i prekidača. Mi koristimo sistemu koji bi mogao da postoji i bez plaćanja, kada ga ne bi vodili proždrljivi profiteri, a vi nas zovete kriminalcima.
Mi istražujemo... a vi nas zovete kriminalcima.
Mi tražimo znanje...a vi nas zovete kriminalcima.
Mi postojimo bez boje kože, bez nacionalnosti, bez religiozne pripadnosti...a vi nas zovete kriminalcima.
Vi pravite atomske bombe, vi izazivate ratove, vi ubijate, varate i lažete nas da je to za naše dobro, dok mi ostajemo kriminalci.

Da, ja sam kriminalac. Moj zločin je radoznalost. Moj zločin je što sudim o ljudima na osnovu toga što govore i misle, a ne na osnovu izgleda. Moj zločin je što Vas nadmudrujem i to mi nikada nećete oprostiti.

Ja sam Haker, i ovo je moj Manifest. Možete zaustaviti mene, ali ne možete zauvek zaustaviti sve nas...na kraju krajeva, svi smo isti.

+++The Mentor+++

The New Hacker Manifesto (na srpskom jeziku)

2008-10-16T14:59:00.006+02:00

Manifest black hats-a
tekst na engleskom jeziku: The New Hacker Manifesto

Desilo se opet danas. Još jedan se prodao, žrtvujući svoje snove mašineriji bezbednosnih korporacija.

Proklete „Bele kape“, niko ne veruje više u razlog.

Još jedan „bag“ je oslobođen danas na bezbednosnu mailing list-u.

Proklete „Bele kape“, oni znaju šta rade

Još jedan potencijalni kompjuterski genije je prognan u egzistenciju ni iz čega.

Proklete „Bele kape“, stavljaju novac iznad otkrića.

Još jedna porodica je opustošena saradnjom i vladinim nagonom za institucionalnom kontrolom pojedinca, koja nadgleda svaki pokret.

Još jedno dete je osuđeno danas zbog traženja načina da razume svet. Osuđeno i zatvoreno, ne zbog nečega što je uradilo, već zbog mišljenja drugih šta je moglo da uradi.

Proklete „Bele kape“ - strah ih drži u poslu.

Javnost, veruje u sve što čuje od „relevantnih stručnjaka“. Vrišti za krvlju. Traži nekog da ga okrivi za svoju izgubljenu nadu. Za izgubljenu mogućnost da otkrije novo saznanje. Strah je konzumira. Ne može se osloboditi svoje nesigurnosti i sumnje jer nema smisla. Ona (javnost - prim.aut.) želi da uništi istraživače, ljude izvan zakona, radoznale tragače jer joj je tako rečeno. Tim ljudima je rečeno da je potraga za informacijama zlo. Individualnost je zlo. Predrasude bi trebalo da se baziraju na moralnim standardima u konformizmu pre nego na otporu prema njemu. Životi su uništeni u ime korporativnog profita i informacija se smatra komoditetom.

Proklete „Bele kape“, nekada ste bili kao i mi.

Ja sam bilo „Bela kapa“. Video sam bezbednosnu industriju onakvu kakva je zaista. Video sam korupciju, laži, prevaru, iznuđivanje zaštićenog novca u obliku službi za samodoprinose i bezbednosnih konsultanata.

Želeo sam da znam, želeo sam da razumem, želeo sam da odem dalje od drugih. Nikada nisam želeo da budem vezan ugovorima i dogovorima.

Kažete da bi trebalo da odrastem. Kažete da bi trebalo da koristim svoj talenat u druge svrhe. Kažete da bi trebalo da nađem bolje stvari da radim u slobodno vreme. Kažete da treba da stanem u red sa ostalim zombijima i da zaboravim sve u šta verujem, da se klonim svog puta i svoje radoznalosti, kažem im da nije vredno i uskratim im najveće zadovoljstvo koje će ikada osetiti u životu.

Ja nisam „Crna kapa“. Taj termin je uvredljiv, implicira da sam suprotno od vas. Vi mislite da želim da porazim bezbednost kada tražim nešto više. Ja ću pisati exploite, putovaću kroz mreže, istraživaću svuda gde se vi plašite da odete. Neću staviti sebe u prvi plan i osloboditi destruktivne alate kako bih privukao posao. Neću hraniti strah i histeriju koju su napravile bezbednosne kompanije da bi povećale cene na tržištu. Ja mogu, i hoću, dekodirati i hack-ovati i pronaći sve što mogu iz istih razloga iz kojih sam to radio godinama unazad.

Ja sam Hacker, ne pokušavajte da me razumete, izgubićete svaku nadu kada pređete liniju.

Ovo je naš svet sada...svet elektrona i prekidača. Mi koristimo sistemu koji bi mogao da postoji i bez plaćanja, kada ga ne bi vodili proždrljivi profiteri, a vi nas zovete kriminalcima. Mi istražujemo... a vi nas zovete kriminalcima. Mi tražimo znanje...a vi nas zovete kriminalcima. Mi postojimo bez boje kože, bez nacionalnosti, bez religiozne pripadnosti...a vi nas zovete kriminalcima. Vi pravite atomske bombe, vi izazivate ratove, vi ubijate, varate i lažete nas da je to za naše dobro, dok mi ostajemo kriminalci.

Da, ja sam kriminalac. Moj zločin je radoznalost. Moj zločin je što sudim o ljudima na osnovu toga što govore i misle, a ne na osnovu izgleda. Moj zločin je što Vas nadmudrujem i to mi nikada nećete oprostiti.

Ja sam Hacker, i ovo je moj Manifest. Možete zaustaviti mene, ali ne možete zauvek zaustaviti sve nas.

The Hacker Manifesto

2008-10-15T23:56:00.003+02:00

hakerski manifest na srpskom jeziku

The Hacker Manifesto

by
+++The Mentor+++
Written January 8, 1986

Another one got caught today, it's all over the papers. "Teenager Arrested in Computer Crime Scandal", "Hacker Arrested after Bank Tampering"...

Damn kids. They're all alike.

But did you, in your three-piece psychology and 1950's technobrain, ever take a look behind the eyes of the hacker? Did you ever wonder what made him tick, what forces shaped him, what may have molded him?

I am a hacker, enter my world...

Mine is a world that begins with school... I'm smarter than most of the other kids, this crap they teach us bores me...

Damn underachiever. They're all alike.

I'm in junior high or high school. I've listened to teachers explain for the fifteenth time how to reduce a fraction. I understand it. "No, Ms. Smith, I didn't show my work. I did it in my head..."

Damn kid. Probably copied it. They're all alike.

I made a discovery today. I found a computer. Wait a second, this is cool. It does what I want it to. If it makes a mistake, it's because I screwed it up. Not because it doesn't like me... Or feels threatened by me.. Or thinks I'm a smart ass.. Or doesn't like teaching and shouldn't be here...

Damn kid. All he does is play games. They're all alike.

And then it happened... a door opened to a world... rushing through the phone line like heroin through an addict's veins, an electronic pulse is sent out, a refuge from the day-to-day incompetencies is sought... a board is found. "This is it... this is where I belong..." I know everyone here... even if I've never met them, never talked to them, may never hear from them again... I know you all...

Damn kid. Tying up the phone line again. They're all alike...

You bet your ass we're all alike... we've been spoon-fed baby food at school when we hungered for steak... the bits of meat that you did let slip through were pre-chewed and tasteless. We've been dominated by sadists, or ignored by the apathetic. The few that had something to teach found us willing pupils, but those few are like drops of water in the desert.

This is our world now... the world of the electron and the switch, the beauty of the baud. We make use of a service already existing without paying for what could be dirt-cheap if it wasn't run by profiteering gluttons, and you call us criminals. We explore... and you call us criminals. We seek after knowledge... and you call us criminals. We exist without skin color, without nationality, without religious bias... and you call us criminals. You build atomic bombs, you wage wars, you murder, cheat, and lie to us and try to make us believe it's for our own good, yet we're the criminals.

Yes, I am a criminal. My crime is that of curiosity. My crime is that of judging people by what they say and think, not what they look like. My crime is that of outsmarting you, something that you will never forgive me for.

I am a hacker, and this is my manifesto. You may stop this individual, but you can't stop us all... after all, we're all alike.

The New Hacker Manifesto

2008-10-15T22:22:00.002+02:00

prevod teksta na srpski jezik

|=---------------------=[ New Hacking Manifesto ]=----------------------=| |=----------------------------------------------------------------------=| |=-------------------------=[ cr4zy c0nsuel0 ]=-------------------------=|

It happened again today. Another one sold out, sacrificing their dreams to the corporate security machine.

Damn whitehats, noone believes in a cause anymore.

Another bug was released today to the security mailing lists.

Damn Whitehats, they know not what they do.

Another potential computer genius was relegated to an existence of nothing more than than a 9-5 cubicle-dwelling promotional tool.

Damn whitehats, putting money before discovery.

Another family was ravaged by cooperations and governments bent on instituting control over individuality, monitoring every action..

Another kid was sentenced today for searching for a way to understand the world. Convicted and imprisoned, not because of what he did, but because of what others thought he could do.

Damn Whitehats - Fear keeps them in business.

The public, believing anything it hears from "reputed experts". Screaming for blood. Looking for something to blame for their lost hope. Their lost ability to seek out new knowledge. Fear consumes them. They cannot let go of their uncertainty and doubt because there is no meaning. They seek to destroy explorers, outlaws, curiosity seekers because they are told too. They are told these people that seek information are evil. Individuality is evil. Judgment should be made based upon a moral standard set in conformity rather than resistance. Lives are ruined in the name of corporate profit and information is hoarded as a commodity.

Damn Whitehats, you were once like us.

I was a Whitehat. I had an awakening. I saw the security industry for what is really is. I saw the corruption, the lies, the deceit, the extortion of protection money in the form of subscription services and snake-oil security consultants.

I wanted to know, I wanted to understand, I wanted to go further then the rest. I never want to be held down by contracts and agreements.

You say I should grow up. You say I should find better things to do with my time. You say I should put my talent to better use. You're saying I should fall in line with the other zombies and forget everything I believe in and shun those with my drive, my curiosity, tell them it's not worth it, deny them of the greatest journey they will ever experience in their lives.

I am not a blackhat. The term is insulting, it implies I am the opposite of you. You think i seek to defeat security, when I seek something greater. I will write exploits, travel through networks, explore where you are afraid to go. I will not put myself in the spotlight and release destructive tools to the public to attract business. I will not feed the fear and hysteria created by the security industry to increase stock prices. I can, and will, code and hack and find out everything I can for the same reasons I did years ago.

I am a Hacker, dont try to understand me, you lost all hope of that when you crossed the line. You fail to see the lies and utter simplicity behind the computer security industry. Once, you may have shared my ideals. You fail to see the fact that security is a maintenance job. Youve given up hope for something better. You fail to see yourself as worthless, fueling an industry whose cumulative result is nothing. I dont hate you, I dont even really care about you - If you try to stop me, you will fail, because I do this out of love -- you do it for money.

This is our world now.. the world of the electron and the switch, the beauty of the baud. We make use of a service already existing without paying for what could be dirt cheap if it wasn't run by profiteering gluttons, and you call us criminals. We explore... and you call us criminals. We seek after knowledge... and you call us criminals. We exist without skin color, without nationality, without religious bias... and you call us criminals. You build atomic bombs, you wage wars, you murder, cheat and lie to us and try to make us belive it is for our own good, yet we're the ciminals.

Yes, I am a criminal. My crime is that of curiosity. My crime is that of judging people by what they say and think, not what they look like. My crime is that of outsmarting you, something that you will never forgive me for.

I am a hacker, and this is my manifesto. You can't stop me, and you certainly can't stop us all.

|=[ EOF ]=---------------------------------------------------------------=|

Intervju - Highlander, Srbija, maj 2006

2008-10-15T21:59:00.005+02:00

MAJ 2006. godine

Pseudonim: Highlander

Starost: 26

Lokacija: Srbija

Operativni sistem: Windows XP

Poznavanje računara: operater na chat serveru Krstarice

1. Koliko često je chat server meta napada hakera?

Vreme, mesto i intervali napada hakera nisu definisani. Naime, ne postoji statistika i proračuni kada će biti potencionalni napad. Jednostavno rečeno: nema pravila.

2. Na koji način hakeri napadaju server?

Postoji puno načina na koji moze da se napadne IRC server. Najčešći napadi su: ”dosovanje” servera, napadi preko Proxy konekcija, spamovanje centralnih BOT-ova, spamovanje Central Procesor Unit root-ova na serveru...

3. Koji su najčešći motivi tih napada?

Smatram da su motivi napada često u eksperimentalne svrhe (izdržljivost servera, testiranje linijskih magistrala itd.). A svakako postoje i napadi komercijalne svrhe i, naravno, napadi koji su motivisani avanturizmom.

4. Kako se operateri bore sa hakerima ?

Za bezbednost IRC servera je nadležan Network Administrator kao i pojedini Operateri javnih kanala. Kada se desi napad na server, ili se očekuje potencionalni napad na server, Network Administrator postavlja komandu G-line i time odstranjuje napadača na neodredjeno vreme. U praksi to vreme je od 3 dana do 3 meseca. Međutim to nije slučaj kada napadač ima dinamičnu IP adresu ili proxy konekciju. U tom slucaju preduzimaju se druge, drastičnije, mere. Napad na IRC server nosi krivične posledice. Naime, ljudi koji su odgovorni za bezbednost servera imaju legitimno pravo da od napadačevog provajdera traže adresu stanovanja i podnesu krivičnu prijavu protiv njega, što se i dešavalo u praksi.

5. Da li se desavalo da se neki od korisnika žalio da ga je neko hakovao preko chat servera?

Postoji dosta primera napada na korisnike putem posebnih scripti za chatovanje i posebnih komandi. Navešću jedan meni zanimljiv. Korisnik se žalio da mu je neko ušao u dokumente na njegovom PC i da mu je formatirao drive preko koga je dolazio na server. Naknadnom proverom ustanovljeno je da je korisnik imao IRC Scriptu koja je bila ”bagovana” i samim tim dostupna napadaču. To su primeri koji su najčešći što se tiče korisnika. Što se tiče korisnika koji na chat dolaze preko Java programa, nema poznatih primera napada.

6. Da li se posle hakovanja računara koji pripada pojedinačnom korisniku može, na njegov zahtev, utvrditi ko je to uradio i šta se desava tada?

IRC Serveri u SCG poseduju Pravilnik korišćenja istog koji je validan kao pravni akt i registrovan kao takav. Daću primer naseg najveceg IRC Servera, Pricaonica Internet Krstarice (PIK):

”ODREĐENI RIZICI

Vi prihvatate da postoje određeni rizici vezani za korišćenje PIK-a. To su, i ne samo, mogućnost otkrivanja poverljivih informacija (uključujući i lične podatke), mogućnost neispravnosti u radu PIK-a (npr. prestanak rada ili bilo kakva nepravilnost u istom), rizik da treća strana direktno ili lažnim predstavljanjem, upotrebom odredbi Internet Krstarice i/ili vašeg korišćenja PIK-a, stupi u kontakt sa Vama, ili to pokuša. UKOLIKO OBJAVITE VAŠE LIČNE PODATKE, POSTOJI MOGUĆNOST DA VAS NEKO TREĆI UZNEMIRAVA, POKUŠA DA KONTAKTIRA SA VAMA ILI NAŠKODI NA BILO KOJI NAČIN. STOGA, JAKO JE VAŽNO DA DOBRO RAZMISLITE PRE NEGO SE ODLUČITE ZA OTKRIVANJE I OBJAVLJIVANJE LIČNIH PODATAKA, JER TO RADITE NA SOPSTVENI RIZIK I ODGOVORNOST.

Takođe, obaveštavamo vas da će poruke ili informacije koje pošaljete PIK-om biti obeležene vašom IP adresom, koju neko treći može videti, tako da postoji mogućnost iskorišćavanja iste u štetnu, nezakonitu ili uznemiravajuću svrhu.

Bez obzira na prethodna ograničenja, s obzirom na prirodu Interneta, računara, toka podataka i drugih tehničkih i ekonomskih činilaca, PIK, kao i većina kompjuterskih podataka i Internet aplikacija, podložan je različitim sigurnosnim problemima, i u tom smislu treba ga smatrati nebezbednim. Pri korišćenju PIK-a ili Interneta uopšte, možete biti izloženi različitim napadima, između ostalog: prisluškivanju, izrugivanju, prevari, spemu, opterećenju, oštećenju, otkrivanju lozinki, obmanjivanju, elektronskom nezakonitom ometanju prostora, hakovanju, neograničenom zaražavanju sistema virusima, crvima, Trojanskim konjima, koji prouzrokuju neautorizovan i štetan pristup i/ili vraćanje informacija i podataka, što može oštetiti vaš računar, i druge vrste aktivnosti koje se čak mogu smatrati protivzakonitim. Primljene ili poslate informacije PIK-om mogu biti podložne i drugim sigurnosnim rizicima ili rizicima po privatnost. Može se desiti da ne stignu na odredište, ili pak stignu na pogrešnu adresu ili primaocu. PIK se u ovom pogledu ne razlikuje od drugih aplikacija.”

7. Poznato da su operateri često meta verbalnih napada običnh korisnika chata jer regulišu ponašanje korisnika na javnim kanalima. Da li si nekada bio meta hakera?

Što se mog ličnog primera tiče, svakodnevno sam podvrgnut verbalnim napadima pojedinih korisnika, ali profesionalizam i kodeks statusa operatera na javnom kanalu mi ne dozvoljava da takve napade shvatam lično i uvredljivo. Meta napada hakera sam često, ali, na svu sreću bezuspešno. Izdvojiću jedan primer iz bogate riznice. Ranije sam koristio IRC scriptu koja je imala u sebi jedan fajl koji je bio nevidljiv u folderu scripte. Taj fajl je u stvari bio tzv. ”takeover” koji je omogućavao napadaču da uz određenu šifru pristupi mojim dokumentima u PC preko scripte. Posle nekog vremena sam otkrio to i izbrisao scriptu.

8. Šta generalno misliš o hakerima?

Svakako da hakeri zauzimaju značajno mesto u našoj cyber zajednici. Haker kao termin ne mora da se veže za čoveka sa dugom kosom koji nosi naočare i ima devijantne misli. Najbolji hakeri na svetu su u najvećim državnim institucijama, u bezbednosnim agencijama, pri vojnim strukturama i u vitalnim ogranima jedne države. Svakako je da su oni neizostavni deo budućnosti digitalno-binarnih komunikacija.

Intervju - Minion, SAD, april 2006

2008-10-14T21:59:00.007+02:00

APRIL 2006. godine

Pseudonim: Minion
Starost: 19 godina
Lokacija: SAD

1. Kada si počeo da se baviš računarima?
Kao dete, između 9. i 11. godine. Ozbiljnije od 12. pa na dalje.

2. Šta te je motivisalo da naučiš programiranje i rad na računaru?
Zainteresovala me je jedna TV serija kasnih 90-tih koja je prikazivala avanture hakerskog sveta. Kasnije, kada sam igrao igrice na kompjuteru koristio sam programe i aplikacije koje su napravili hakeri da bih varao i menjao svoju igru, što me je dalje motivisalo da razumem aspekte hakovanja. Zatim sam gledao film „Antitrust“, zainteresovao sam se dovoljno za programiranje i tehnologiju, pa sam iz lokalne biblioteke nabavljao knjige, prvo o programiranju a zatim i o hakovanju. Danas je lako pronaći gde treba da se ode i šta da se uradi da bi se naučilo bilo šta o svim aspektima kompjutera.

3. Da li smatraš sebe hakerom?
Da

4. Da li poštuješ Hakersku etiku koju je konstituisao Stiven Levi?
Apsolutno poštujem Levijevo mišljenje o dužnostima hakera da poštuju etiku. Tužno je to što je njegovo viđenje korišćenja tehnologije u punom potencijalu ne može biti ostvareno bez brige o moći informacije dostupnoj masi koja u njenoj upotrebi nije uvek najpažljivija i najracionalnija.

5. Da li si ikada „provalio“ u tuđ računar i zašto?
Da, „provalio“ sam u nekoliko računara kada sam shvatio da je to jedini način da testiram svoja stečena znanja i nastavim svoje učenje. Praktično iskustvo je najbolji način da proverim svoje razumevanje različitih aspekata hakovanja, crackovanja i svega ostalog. Takođe, tu je i stalno „provaljivanje“ u računare mojih drugova i kolega, čisto radi zabave.

6. Šta je to u umu hakera što ga nagoni da ulazi u tuđe računare? Da li je u pitanju zabava, izazov upadanja bez uništavanja dokumenata u njemu ili zla namera?
To zavisi od zrelosti osobe koja se bavi time i koliko ima ličnog morala da razlikuje stvari koje može da uradi od stvari koje ne bi trebalo da radi. Neki hakeri smatraju intrigantnim da naprave nešto kao što je „crv“ koji može da uništi sistem, ali bez namere da ga „oslobode“ već samo da razvijaju svoja lična istraživanja u ovom polju, zlu ne trebalo. Drugi stvaraju programe i alate za uništavanje o kojima će se pričati kako bi sebe izbacili u prvi plan. Ovo su tipični loši hakeri koji obično nisu sigurni celokupne štete koju njihovi napadi mogu da prouzrokuju na mreži. Loš haker je haker sa niskim moralom i nedovoljnom informisanošću.

7. Da li sarađuješ sa drugim hakerima?
Većinu stvari koje radim, radim sam. Poznajem mnogo hakera i nekoliko značajnih ljudi iz oblasti bezbednosti. Prosečan haker je samo moj prijatelj sa dobrim razumevanjem tehnologije i svih njenih delova bez izuzetaka. Poznajem ljude koji priparadju „staroj školi“ hakovanja, ljude iz „novog doba“ haka, osobe koje se bave bezbednošću u tehnologiji u američkoj vladi. Čak znam i nekoliko ljudi koji su u zatvoru jer nisu poštovali određene granice. Zajednica označena kao hakerska oduvek je želela da „gura“ tehnologiju što dalje i dalje, do sledeće velike stvari do koje se može napredovati.

8. Kakvo je tvoje mišljenje o Billu Gatesu?
Nisam siguran da li bih mogao da krivim Billa Gatesa ili kompaniju „Majkrosoft“ za moje mišljenje o njima samima, iako je ono skroz negativno. Moj prezir je usmeren na „Majkrosoftove“ legalne poslovne poteze čiji je krajnji cilj kontrolisanje ili čak osvajanje određenog tržišta. Smatram da je ovakav način razvijanja tehnologije uvredljiv jer usporava i privatizuje ljudski potencijal razumevanja novih tehnologija.

9. Šta misliš o besplatnim programima?
Mislim da je postojanje tih programa neophodno i ono je zasnovano na izboru autora. Patenti i pokušaji da se monopolizuju tehnička dotignuća trebalo bi da budu zaustavljeni odmah ukoliko se pokaže da njihov napredak usporava naše razumevanje tehnologije.

10. Kako ocenjuješ postojanje crackera, lamera i warezd00dza?
To su sve neprijatnosti koje su mogle biti iskorenjene pre mnogo godina, samo da se svaka nova tehnologija nije privatizovala. Phreakersi nisu tako velika opasnost i nikada neće ni biti. Mnogi od njih su za poštovanje jer se strogo pridržavaju etike.

11. Da li misliš da hakeri olakšavaju život običnim korisnicima računara koji nemaju novac za kupovinu originalnih programa?
Hakerski izazov su zidovi koji drže infrastrukturu. Da nema hakera, ne bi bilo napretka u fundamentalnoj bezbednosti, razvoju i čvrstini današnje tehnologije.

Intervju - bl00dz3r0, Srbija, april 2006

2008-10-13T21:59:00.011+02:00

APRIL 2006. godine

Pseudonim: bl00dz3r0
Starost: 20
Lokacija: Srbija
Operativni sistem: Windows XP , Linux (slack , gentoo , lfs)
Znanje programskih jezika: shell, awk, sed, perl, perl/tk, oracle/pl-sql, mysql, html/css, BASIC...

Omiljeni programi:
Ethereal – sniffer tj mrežno njuškalo koji služi za skupljanje i analizu mrežnih paketa
Nmap - port skener
Nessus – skener koji traži ranjivosti. dosta alata za wifi hacking kismet , airsnort , netstumbler itd
Bash i mcedit :0 – pravi hakerski alati shell i tekst editor

1. Kada i kako si počeo da se baviš hakovanjem?
Baš sigurnošću računara sam počeo da se bavim pre 2 i po godine.

2. Deklarišeš se kao „black hat“. Zašto si se odlučio za tu „vrstu“ hakovanja?
Prosto, zato što je to pravi izvorni haking . Za mene su svi pravi hakeri blackhats, dok ovi takozvani whitehats su security experti konsultanti..Za njih je to samo običan posao kao npr zidar i slično (smeh), dok, za nas to, je religija, hobi ...život (smeh). Blackhat ti daje vrstu moći i kontrole kakvu ne možes osetiti kada si whitehat (smeh).

3. Kako opisuješ sebe? (Cracker, lamer, warezd00d ...)
Sebe isključivo deklarišem kao advanced usera, to jest, naprednog korisnika Informacionih sistema. Inače sam po nekoj Vašoj definiciji čist blackhat (smeh).

4. Koji su po tebi razlozi zbog kojih se ljudi koji imaju nadprosečno znanje o računarima odlučuju da ga upotrebe u „nekreativne“ i destruktivne svrhe kao što je upadanje u tuđe računare i rušenje sajtova?
Iz moje perspektive, zbog osećaja kontrole, moći, adrenalina i, naravno, slobode informacija i znatiželje / radoznalosti.

5. Šta misliš o Levijevom viđenju hackerske etike? Da li poštuješ bilo šta od toga?
Poštujem samo Blackhat Manifesto. (The New Hacker Manifesto, prim.aut)

6. Koje su najlošije stvari koje si do sada uradio?
Bilo ih je mnogo, većina stvari koje sam uradio su loše. Evo poslednja je „defejs“ sajta jedne poznate medijske kuće kako bih devojci čestitao Dan zaljubljenih. Naravno, ništa nije brisano već je samo dodata vest. Ne uništavam ništa, sem onog ko mi se zameri. Mnogo loše stvari sam radio (smeh).

7. Na koji način najčešće radiš te stvari?
Mogu da dam upute za ovaj poslednji „deface“. U pitanju je, naravno, glupost i neobrazovanost administratora sajta te medijske kuće i „bug“ u skripti za logovanje administratora admin_home.asp. Iskorišćena je klasicna tehnika „SQL injectiona“ o kojima sam pisao za „ph zine“ kako bi se zaobišla autorizacija i dobio „admin control“ nad sajtom, teletekstom itd. To mi je omogućilo dosta stvari (smeh), ali ja i drug smo samo dodali vest kako bi izgedalo „fancy“ (smeh), Većina stvari koje radim se zasniva na gluposti administratora jer je čovek najslabija karika u lancu sigurnosti.

8. Da li je kod hakovanja u pitanju želja za dokazivanjem, demonstriranjem svog komjuterskog umeća ili nešto treće?
Za ovaj poslednji prosto sam želeo da na originalan način devojci čestitam Dan zaljubljenih. Često je to i proces dokazivanja pred drugim, „sprdanja“ sa nekim koga ne voliš, pokazivanje moći. A nekada, kada se radi o ozbiljnim metama, sve se svodi na dobijanje informacija i zadovoljavanje svoje znatiželje.

9. Koji su po tebi glavni propusti u sistemima računara?
Kao što rekoh već, čovek, to jest, administrator koji je odgovoran za taj sistem je najslabija tačka sigurnosti. Inače se najčešće koriste poznati propusti u Web Serverima tipa IIS ili Apache ili mail serveru tipa Sendmail koji je de facto softver sa najvise rupa ikada. Tada se dobija željeni access na sistemu, medjutim on je veoma ograničen. Dalje se koriste ti propusti i razne tehnike kako bi se došlo do glavnog admin/root naloga ili prava.

10. Da li upadaš u računare običnih korisnika kućnih PC-a?
Ne, smatram to totalnim gubljenjem vremena i snage. To su davno prošli dani.

11. Da li si do sada napravio sam neki program?
Naravno dosta programa/skripti koje koristim su „made by me“. Poslednji projekat na kom radim je Linux distribucija koja će pohraniti moje potrebe (smeh).

12. Koja ti je još uvek neostvarena želja u oblasti hakovanja?
Prikupljanje podataka iz američkih vladinih organizacija i viših istanci. San svakog hakera je Pentagon.

13. Kakvo je tvoje mišljenje o Bilgu Gatesu i Microsoftu?
Previše pametan čovek za današnje vreme. Svaka mu čast na tome što je uradio i što se toliko obogatio. Način na koji je do toga došao nije bitan, važno da je ostvario cilj i svima nam učinio dostupnim nešto što se zove Windows. Naravno, kada sazriš, poželis nove stvari, nove avanture i shvatiš kako Windows ne može da zadovolji sve tvoje potrebe. Mislim da Microsoft ima politiku koja se zasniva isključivo na stvaranju profita, a ne na želji za ostvarivanjem neke komunikacije sa običnim korisnikom i ispunjavanjem njegovih potreba.

14. Šta misliš o white i gray hats?
Nemam neko specijalno mišljenje. Svako radi svoj posao (smeh).

15. Da li po tebi postoje loši hakeri, koji su to i zašto.
Ne može niko biti toliko loš. Ovde nema pravila.

Umesto zaključka

2008-10-13T21:58:00.011+02:00

Kao što je već napomenuto, cilj ovog bloga nije nikako da čitaoca navede da se opredeli za bilo koju stranu u priči o hakerima, korisnicima računara i velikim kompanijama. Autor je sakupljao tekstove i informacije iz različitih izvora koji su imali drugačije stavove i razmišljanja o svetu hakera, a sa ciljem da ih sveobuhvatno predstavi, a čitaocu se ostavlja mogućnost da na osnovu svojih zapažanja formira mišljenje.

Ipak, bez obzira na subjektivne stavove, jedno se ne može poreći: hakerska zajednica, bila ona dobra ili loša, produktivna ili destruktivna, od samog nastanka ubrzano gura tehnologiju ka napretku. Nekada je to na pozitivan način, pisanjem besplatnih programa, eksperimentisanjem sa mogućnostima računara ne ugrožavajući nikog. A nekada se taj napredak ostvaruje i kroz destruktivne aktivnosti, kao što je obaranje sistema, sajtova, servera…navodeći one koji su zaduženi za njihov nastanak i bezbednost da rade još napornije. Stoga, ako stvari pogledamo sa makijavelističkog stanovišta da cilj opravdava sredstva, a pri tom je cilj napredovanje tehnologije, hakeri su najbolje sredstvo za ostvarivanje tog cilja. Jer se oni svakodnevno nadmeću i nadmudruju sa tehnologijom, pomerajući joj granice metar po metar.

Ne može svako biti haker. Osnovni preduslov jeste radoznalost i to ona dečija, radoznalost koja tera um da se napregne izvan granica mogućnosti. Naučnici tvrde da prosečan čovek koristi samo 10% mogućnosti svog mozga . Hakeri spadaju u grupu ljudi koji svoj mozak koriste izvan tih 10%. Takođe, nije ni svaki programer haker. Hakerski profil je zaista specifičan psihološki spoj ekspertskog znanja i dečijeg pristupa životu. Iz te kontradiktornosti razvija se jedna neobična psiha voljna da nauči, utvrđuje naučeno i zatim uči dalje. Granice ne postoje. Takođe, ljudi imaju tendenciju da se plaše nepoznatog. Način na koji računari funkcionišu su još uvek za većinu populacije nepoznati, iako ih svakodnevno koristi, jer ima je bitna samo funkcionalnost neke stvari. I verovatno im neće ni postati poznati, jer čovek što je savremeniji, to je lenji. Ipak, zahvaljujući pojedincima, tehnologija svakodnevno dobija svoje nove aspekte, bilo iz institucionalizovanih izvora poput vladinih istraživačkih centara, bilo od pojedinaca koji sede za računarom kod svojih kuća i istražuju. Ispravnost i legalnost dolaženja do saznanja može se sagledati iz oba ugla. Svako smatra da onaj drugi greši. S tim što sve što je institucionalizovano nije pogrešno, pa se svaki pojedinac koji „štrči“ iz proseka, a ne ponaša se po pravilima koje su institucije odredile, smatra prestupnikom koji bi trebalo da bude sankcionisan. Hakeri najbolje znaju kako je to biti označen kao kriminalac zbog pronalaženja nečeg novog. Da su se naučnici u prošlosti kažnjavali zbog tih stvari, teško da bi današnja medicina stigla do ovih saznanja.

Ukoliko neko kaže da je haker, ne treba se uplašiti ili ga osuditi. Tu činjenicu bi trebalo primiti sa sa dozom skepticizma, jer se pravi haker retko kad javno deklariše. Ipak, ako se ispostavi da dotična osoba zaista vlada hakerskim veštinama, ako ništa drugo, vredna je poštovanja zbog truda uloženog da bi stigla do tog nivoa.

Neobjavljena autobiografija Kevina Mitnicka

2008-10-13T21:58:00.003+02:00

Sledeći tekst predstavlja autobiografiju Kevina Mitnicka koja je trebalo da bude prvo poglavlje jedne od njegovih knjiga:

Kevin Speaks Some hackers destroy people's files or entire hard drives; they're called crackers or vandals. Some novice hackers don't bother learning the technology, but simply download hacker tools to break into computer systems; they're called script kiddies. More experienced hackers with programming skills develop hacker programs and post them to the Web and to bulletin board systems. And then there are individuals who have no interest in the technology, but use the computer merely as a tool to aid them in stealing money, goods, or services. Despite the media-created myth of Kevin Mitnick, I'm not a malicious hacker. What I did wasn't even against the law when I began, but became a crime after new legislation was passed. I continued anyway, and was caught.

My treatment by the federal government was based not on the crimes, but on making an example of me. I did not deserve to be treated like a terrorist or violent criminal: Having my residence searched with a blank search warrant; being thrown into solitary for months; denied the fundamental Constitutional rights guaranteed to anyone accused of a crime; being denied not only bail but a bail hearing; and being forced to spend years fighting to obtain the government's evidence so my courtappointed attorney could prepare my defense.

What about my right to a speedy trial? For years I was given a choice every six months: sign a paper waiving your Constitutional right to a speedy trial or go to trial with an attorney who is unprepared; I chose to sign. But I'm getting ahead of my story.

Starting Out My path was probably set early in life. I was a happy-go-lucky kid, but bored. After my father split when I was three, my mother worked as a waitress to support us. To see me then an only child being raised by a mother who put in long, harried days on a sometimes-erratic schedulewould have been to see a youngster on his own almost all his waking hours. I was my own babysitter.

Growing up in a San Fernando Valley community gave me the whole of Los Angeles to explore, and by the age of twelve I had discovered a way to travel free throughout the whole greater L.A. area. I realized one day while riding the bus that the security of the bus transfer I had purchased relied on the unusual pattern of the paper-punch that the drivers used to mark day, time and route on the transfer slips. A friendly driver, answering my carefully-planted question, told me where to buy that special type of punch. The transfers are meant to let you change buses and continue a journey to your destination, but I worked out how to use them to travel anywhere I wanted to go for free. Obtaining blank transfers was a walk in the park: the trash bins at the bus terminals were always filled with only-partly-used books of transfers that the drivers tossed away at the end of their shifts. With a pad of blanks and the punch, I could mark my own transfers and travel anywhere that L.A. buses went. Before long, I had all but memorized the bus schedules of the entire system. This was an early example of my surprising memory for certain types of information; still today I can remember phone numbers, passwords and other items as far back as my childhood. Another personal interest that surfaced at an early age was my fascination with performing magic. Once I learned how a new trick worked, I would practice, practice, and practice until I mastered it. To an extent, it was through magic that I discovered the enjoyment in fooling people.

From Phone Phreak to Hacker My first encounter with what I would eventually learn to call social engineering came about during my high school years, when I met another student who was caught up in a hobby called phone phreaking. Phone phreaking is a type of hacking that allows you to explore the telephone network by exploiting the phone systems and phone company employees. He showed me neat tricks he could do with a telephone, like obtaining any information the phone company had on any customer, and using a secret test number to make long-distances calls for free (actually free only to us--I found out much later that it wasn't a secret test number at all: the calls were in fact being billed to some poor company's MCI account). That was my introduction to social engineering--my kindergarten, so to speak. He and another phone phreaker I met shortly thereafter let me listen in as they each made pretext calls to the phone company. I heard the things they said that made them sound believable, I learned about different phone company offices, lingo and procedures. But that "training" didn't last long; it didn't have to. Soon I was doing it all on my own, learning as I went, doing it even better than those first teachers. The course my life would follow for the next fifteen years had been set.

One of my all-time favorite pranks was gaining unauthorized access to the telephone switch and changing the class of service of a fellow phone phreak. When he'd attempt to make a call from home, he'd get a message telling him to deposit a dime, because the telephone company switch received input that indicated he was calling from a pay phone. I became absorbed in everything about telephones--not only the electronics, switches, and computers, but also the corporate organization, the procedures, and the terminology. After a while, I probably knew more about the phone system than any single employee. And I had developed my social engineering skills to the point that, at seventeen years old, I was able to talk most Telco employees into almost anything, whether I was speaking with them in person or by telephone.

My hacking career started when I was in high school. Back then we used the term hacker to mean a person who spent a great deal of time tinkering with hardware and software, either to develop more efficient programs or to bypass unnecessary steps and get the job done more quickly. The term has now become a pejorative, carrying the meaning of "malicious criminal." In these pages I use the term the way I have always used it--in its earlier, more benign sense. In late 1979, a group of fellow hacker types who worked for the Los Angeles Unified School District dared me to try hacking into The Ark, the computer system at Digital Equipment Corporation used for developing their RSTS/E operating system software. I wanted to be accepted by the guys in this hacker group so I could pick their brains to learn more about operating systems.

These new "friends" had managed to get their hands on the dial-up number to the DEC computer system. But they knew the dial-up number wouldn't do me any good: Without an account name and password, I'd never be able to get in. They were about to find out that when you underestimate others, it can come back to bite you in the butt. It turned out that, for me, even at that young age, hacking into the DEC system was a pushover. Claiming to be Anton Chernoff, one of the project's lead developers, I placed a simple phone call to the system manager. I claimed I couldn't log into one of "my" accounts, and was convincing enough to talk the guy into giving me access and allowing me to select a password of my choice. As an extra level of protection, whenever anyone dialed into the development system, the user also had to provide a dial-up password. The system administrator told me the password. It was "buffoon," which I guess described what he must have felt like later on, when he found out what had happened. In less than five minutes, I had gained access to Digital's RSTE/E development system. And I wasn't logged on as just as an ordinary user, but as someone with all the privileges of a system developer. At first my new, so-called friends refused to believe I had gained access to The Ark.

One of them dialed up the system and shoved the keyboard in front of me with a challenging look on his face. His mouth dropped open as I matter-of-factly logged into a privileged account. I found out later that they went off to another location and, the same day, started downloading source-code components of the DEC operating system. And then it was my turn to be floored. After they had downloaded all the software they wanted, they called the corporate security department at DEC and told them someone had hacked into the company's corporate network. And they gave my name. My so-called friends first used my access to copy highly sensitive source code, and then turned me in. There was a lesson here, but not one I managed to learn easily. Through the years to come, I would repeatedly get into trouble because I trusted people who I thought were my friends.

After high school I studied computers at the Computer Learning Center in Los Angeles. Within a few months, the school's computer manager realized I had found a vulnerability in the operating system and gained full administrative privileges on their IBM minicomputer. The best computer experts on their teaching staff couldn't figure out how I had done this. In what may have been one of the earliest examples of "hire the hacker," I was given an offer I couldn't refuse: Do an honors project to enhance the school's computer security, or face suspension for hacking the system. Of course I chose to do the honors project, and ended up graduating Cum Laude with Honors.

Becoming a Social Engineer Some people get out of bed each morning dreading their daily work routine at the proverbial salt mines. I've been lucky enough to enjoy my work. In particular you can't imagine the challenge, reward, and pleasure I had in the time I spent as a private investigator. I was honing my talents in the performance art called social engineering-getting people to do things they wouldn't ordinarily do for a stranger--and being paid for it. For me it wasn't difficult becoming proficient in social engineering. My father's side of the family had been in the sales field for generations, so the art of influence and persuasion might have been an inherited trait. When you combine an inclination for deceiving people with the talents of influence and persuasion you arrive at the profile of a social engineer.

You might say there are two specialties within the job classification of con artist. Somebody who swindles and cheats people out of their money belongs to one sub-specialty, the grifter. Somebody who uses deception, influence, and persuasion against businesses, usually targeting their information, belongs to the other sub-specialty, the social engineer. From the time of my bus transfer trick, when I was too young to know there was anything wrong with what I was doing, I had begun to recognize a talent for finding out the secrets I wasn't supposed to have. I built on that talent by using deception, knowing the lingo, and developing a well-honed skill of manipulation. One way I used to work on developing the skills in my craft (if I may call it a craft) was to pick out some piece of information I didn't really care about and see if I could talk somebody on the other end of the phone into providing it, just to improve my talents. In the same way I used to practice my magic tricks, I practiced pretexting.

Through these rehearsals, I soon found I could acquire virtually any information I targeted. In Congressional testimony before Senators Lieberman and Thompson years later, I told them, "I have gained unauthorized access to computer systems at some of the largest corporations on the planet, and have successfully penetrated some of the most resilient computer systems ever developed. I have used both technical and non-technical means to obtain the source code to various operating systems and telecommunications devices to study their vulnerabilities and their inner workings." All of this was really to satisfy my own curiosity, see what I could do, and find out secret information about operating systems, cell phones, and anything else that stirred my curiosity. The train of events that would change my life started when I became the subject of a July 4th, 1994 front-page, above-the-fold story in the New York Times. Overnight, that one story turned my image from a little-known nuisance hacker into Public Enemy Number One of cyberspace. [According to] John Markoff, "Combining technical wizardry with the ages-old guile of a grifter, Kevin Mitnick is a computer programmer run amok." (The New York Times, 7/4/94.)

Combining the ages-old desire to attain undeserved fortune with the power to publish false and defamatory stories about his subjects on the front page of the New York Times, John Markoff was truly a technology reporter run amok. Markoff was to earn himself over $1 million by single-handedly creating what I label "The Myth of Kevin Mitnick." He became very wealthy through the very same technique I used to compromise computer systems and networks around the world: deception. In this case however, the victim of the deception wasn't a single computer user or system administrator, it was every person who trusted the news stories published in the pages of the New York Times.

Cyberspace's Most Wanted Markoff's Times article was clearly designed to land a contract for a book about my life story. I've never met Markoff, and yet he has literally become a millionaire through his libelous and defamatory "reporting" about me in the Times and in his 1991 book, Cyberpunk.

In his article, he included some dozens of allegations about me that he stated as fact without citing his sources, and that even a minimal process of fact-checking (which I thought all first-rate newspapers required their reporters to do) would have revealed as being untrue or unproven. In that single false and defamatory article, Markoff labeled me as "cyberspace's most wanted," and as "one of the nation's most wanted computer criminals," without justification, reason, or supporting evidence, using no more discretion than a writer for a supermarket tabloid. In his slanderous article, Markoff falsely claimed that I had wiretapped the FBI (I hadn't); that I had broken into the computers at NORAD (which aren't connected to any network on the outside); and that I was a computer "vandal," despite the fact that I had never intentionally damaged any computer I ever accessed.

These, among other outrageous allegations, were completely false and designed to create a sense of fear about my capabilities. In yet another breach of journalistic ethics, Markoff failed to disclose in that article and in all of his subsequent articles--a pre-existing relationship with me, a personal animosity based on my having refused to participate in the book Cyberpunk.

In addition, I had cost him a bundle of potential revenue by refusing to renew an option for a movie based on the book. Markoff's article was also clearly designed to taunt America's law enforcement agencies. "...(L)aw enforcement," Markoff wrote, "cannot seem to catch up with him...." The article was deliberately framed to cast me as cyberspace's Public Enemy Number One in order to influence the Department of Justice to elevate the priority of my case. A few months later, Markoff and his cohort Tsutomu Shimomura would both participate as de facto government agents in my arrest, in violation of both federal law and journalistic ethics. Both would be nearby when three blank warrants were used in an illegal search of my residence, and be present at my arrest. And, during their investigation of my activities, the two would also violate federal law by intercepting a personal telephone call of mine.

While making me out to be a villain, Markoff, in a subsequent article, set up Shimomura as the number one hero of cyberspace. Again he was violating journalistic ethics by not disclosing a pre-existing relationship: this hero in fact had been a personal friend of Markoff's for years.

First Contact My first encounter with Markoff had come in the late eighties when he and his wife Katie Hafner contacted me while they were in the process of writing Cyberpunk, which was to be the story of three hackers: a German kid known as Pengo, Robert Morris, and myself. What would my compensation be for participating? Nothing. I couldn't see the point of giving them my story if they would profit from it and I wouldn't, so I refused to help. Markoff gave me an ultimatum: either interview with us or anything we hear from any source will be accepted as the truth. He was clearly frustrated and annoyed that I would not cooperate, and was letting me know he had the means to make me regret it. I chose to stand my ground and would not cooperate despite his pressure tactics. When published, the book portrayed me as "The Darkside Hacker."

I concluded that the authors had intentionally included unsupported, false statements in order to get back at me for not cooperating with them. By making my character appear more sinister and casting me in a false light, they probably increased the sales of the book. A movie producer phoned with great news: Hollywood was interested in making a movie about the Darkside Hacker depicted in Cyberpunk. I pointed out that the story was full of inaccuracies and untruths about me, but he was still very excited about the project. I accepted $5,000 for a two-year option, against an additional $45,000 if they were able to get a production deal and move forward. When the option expired, the production company asked for a six-month extension. By this time I was gainfully employed, and so had little motivation for seeing a movie produced that showed me in such an unfavorable and false light. I refused to go along with the extension. That killed the movie deal for everyone, including Markoff, who had probably expected to make a great deal of money from the project. Here was one more reason for John Markoff to be vindictive towards me.

Around the time Cyberpunk was published, Markoff had ongoing e-mail correspondence with his friend Shimomura. Both of them were strangely interested in my whereabouts and what I was doing. Surprisingly, one e-mail message contained intelligence that they had learned I was attending the University of Nevada, Las Vegas, and had use of the student computer lab. Could it be that Markoff and Shimomura were interested in doing another book about me? Otherwise, why would they care what I was up to?

Markoff in Pursuit Take a step back to late 1992. I was nearing the end of my supervised release for compromising Digital Equipment Corporation's corporate network. Meanwhile I became aware that the government was trying to put together another case against me, this one for conducting counter- intelligence to find out why wiretaps had been placed on the phone lines of a Los Angeles P.I. firm. In my digging, I confirmed my suspicion: the Pacific Bell security people were indeed investigating the firm. So was a computer-crime deputy from the Los Angeles County Sheriff's Department. (That deputy turns out to be, co-incidentally, the twin brother of my co-author on this book. Small world.) About this time, the Feds set up a criminal informant and sent him out to entrap me. They knew I always tried to keep tabs on any agency investigating me. So they had this informant befriend me and tip me off that I was being monitored. He also shared with me the details of a computer system used at Pacific Bell that would let me do counter-surveillance of their monitoring. When I discovered his plot, I quickly turned the tables on him and exposed him for credit-card fraud he was conducting while working for the government in an informant capacity. I'm sure the Feds appreciated that! My life changed on Independence Day, 1994 when my pager woke me early in the morning. The caller said I should immediately pick up a copy of the New York Times.

I couldn't believe it when I saw that Markoff had not only written an article about me, but the Times had placed it on the front page. The first thought that came to mind was for my personal safety--now the government would be substantially increasing their efforts to find me. I was relieved that in an effort to demonize me, the Times had used a very unbecoming picture. I wasn't fearful of being recognized; they had chosen a picture so out of date that it didn't look anything like me! As I began to read the article, I realized that Markoff was setting himself up to write the Kevin Mitnick book, just as he had always wanted. I simply could not believe the New York Times would risk printing the egregiously false statements that he had written about me. I felt helpless. Even if I had been in a position to respond, I certainly would not have an audience equal to the New York Times's to rebut Markoff's outrageous lies. While I can agree I had been a pain in the ass, I had never destroyed information, nor used or disclosed to others any information I had obtained. Actual losses by companies from my hacking activities amounted to the cost of phone calls I had made at phone-company expense, the money spent by companies to plug the security vulnerabilities that my attacks had revealed, and in a few instances possibly causing companies to reinstall their operating systems and applications for fear I might have modified software in a way that would allow me future access.

Those companies would have remained vulnerable to far worse damage if my activities hadn't made them aware of the weak links in their security chain. Though I had caused some losses, my actions and intent were not malicious ... and then John Markoff changed the world's perception of the danger I represented. The power of one unethical reporter from such an influential newspaper to write a false and defamatory story about anyone should haunt each and every one of us. The next target might be you.

The Ordeal After my arrest I was transported to the County Jail in Smithfield, North Carolina, where the U.S. Marshals Service ordered jailers to place me into 'the hole'--solitary confinement. Within a week, federal prosecutors and my attorney reached an agreement that I couldn't refuse. I could be moved out of solitary on the condition that I waived my fundamental rights and agreed to: a) no bail hearing; b) no preliminary hearing; and, c) no phone calls, except to my attorney and two family members. Sign, and I could get out of solitary. I signed. The federal prosecutors in the case played every dirty trick in the book up until I was released nearly five years later.

I was repeatedly forced to waive my rights in order to be treated like any other accused. But this was the Kevin Mitnick case: There were no rules. No requirement to respect the Constitutional rights of the accused. My case was not about justice, but about the government's determination to win at all costs. The prosecutors had made vastly overblown claims to the court about the damage I had caused and the threat I represented, and the media had gone to town quoting the sensationalist statements; now it was too late for the prosecutors to back down. The government could not afford to lose the Mitnick case. The world was watching. I believe that the courts bought into the fear generated by media coverage, since many of the more ethical journalists had picked up the "facts" from the esteemed New York Times and repeated them. The media-generated myth apparently even scared law enforcement officials.

A confidential document obtained by my attorney showed that the U.S. Marshals Service had issued a warning to all law enforcement agents never to reveal any personal information to me; otherwise, they might find their lives electronically destroyed. Our Constitution requires that the accused be presumed innocent before trial, thus granting all citizens the right to a bail hearing, where the accused has the opportunity to be represented by counsel, present evidence, and cross-examine witnesses. Unbelievably, the government had been able to circumvent these protections based on the false hysteria generated by irresponsible reporters like John Markoff.

Without precedent, I was held as a pre-trial detainee--a person in custody pending trial or sentencing--for over four and a half years. The judge's refusal to grant me a bail hearing was litigated all the way to the U.S. Supreme Court. In the end, my defense team advised me that I had set another precedent: I was the only federal detainee in U.S. history denied a bail hearing. This meant the government never had to meet the burden of proving that there were no conditions of release that would reasonably assure my appearance in court. At least in this case, federal prosecutors did not dare to allege that I could start a nuclear war by whistling into a payphone, as other federal prosecutors had done in an earlier case. The most serious charges against me were that I had copied proprietary source code for various cellular phone handsets and popular operating systems.

Yet the prosecutors alleged publicly and to the court that I had caused collective losses exceeding $300 million to several companies. The details of the loss amounts are still under seal with the court, supposedly to protect the companies involved; my defense team, though, believes the prosecution's request to seal the information was initiated to cover up their gross malfeasance in my case. It's also worth noting that none of the victims in my case had reported any losses to the Securities and Exchange Commission as required by law. Either several multinational companies violated Federal law--in the process deceiving the SEC, stockholders, and analysts--or the losses attributable to my hacking were, in fact, too trivial to be reported.

In his book he Fugitive Game, Jonathan Li Wan reports that within a week of the New York Times front-page story, Markoff's agent had "brokered a package deal" with the publisher Walt Disney Hyperion for a book about the campaign to track me down. The advance was to be an estimated $750,000. According to Littman, there was to be a Hollywood movie, as well, with Miramax handing over $200,000 for the option and "a total $650,000 to be paid upon commencement of filming." A confidential source has recently informed me that Markoff's deal was in fact much more than Littman had originally thought. So John Markoff got a million dollars, more or less, and I got five years.

What Others Say One book that examines the legal aspects of my case was written by a man who had himself been a prosecutor in the Los Angeles District Attorney's office, a colleague of the attorneys who prosecuted me. In his book Spectacular Computer Crimes, Buck Bloombecker wrote, "It grieves me to have to write about my former colleagues in less than flattering terms.... I'm haunted by Assistant United States Attorney James Asperger's admission that much of the argument used to keep Mitnick behind bars was based on rumors which didn't pan out." He goes on to say, "It was bad enough that the charges prosecutors made in court were spread to millions of readers by newspapers around the country. But it is much worse that these untrue allegations were a large part of the basis for keeping Mitnick behind bars without the possibility of posting bail?"

He continues at some length, writing about the ethical standards that prosecutors should live by, and then writes, "Mitnick's case suggests that the false allegations used to keep him in custody also prejudiced the court's consideration of a fair sentence."

In his 1999 Forbes article, Adam L. Penenberg eloquently described my situation this way: "Mitnick's crimes were curiously innocuous. He broke into corporate computers, but no evidence indicates that he destroyed data. Or sold anything he copied. Yes, he pilfered software but in doing so left it behind."

The article said that my crime was "To thumb his nose at the costly computer security systems employed by large corporations." And in the book The Fugitive Game, author Jonathan Littman noted, "Greed the government could understand. But a hacker who wielded power for its own sake ... was something they couldn't grasp." Elsewhere in the same book, Littman wrote: U.S. Attorney James Sanders admitted to Judge Pfaelzer that Mitnick's damage to DEC was not the $4 million that had made the headlines but $160,000. Even that amount was not damage done by Mitnick, but the rough cost of tracing the security weakness that his incursions had brought to DEC's attention.

The government acknowledged it had no evidence of the wild claims that had helped hold Mitnick without bail and in solitary confinement. No proof Mitnick had ever compromised the security of the NSA. No proof that Mitnick had ever issued a false press release for Security Pacific Bank. No proof that Mitnick ever changed the TRW credit report of a judge. But the judge, perhaps influenced by the terrifying media coverage, rejected the plea bargain and sentenced Mitnick to a longer term then even the government wanted.

Throughout the years spent as a hacker hobbyist, I've gained unwanted notoriety, been written up in numerous news reports and magazine articles, and had four books written about me. Markoff and Shimomura's libelous book was made into a feature film called Takedown. When the script found its way onto the Internet, many of my supporters picketed Miramax Films to call public attention to the inaccurate and false characterization of me. Without the help of many kind and generous people, the motion picture would surely have falsely portrayed me as the Hannibal Lector of cyberspace. Pressured by my supporters, the production company agreed to settle the case on confidential terms to avoid me filing a libel action against them.

Final Thoughts Despite John Markoff's outrageous and libelous descriptions of me, my crimes were simple crimes of computer trespass and making free telephone calls. I've acknowledged since my arrest that the actions I took were illegal, and that I committed invasions of privacy.

But to suggest, without justification, reason, or proof, as did the Markoff articles, that I had deprived others of their money or property by computer or wire fraud, is simply untrue, and unsupported by the evidence. My misdeeds were motivated by curiosity: I wanted to know as much as I could about how phone networks worked, and the ins and outs of computer security. I went from being a kid who loved to perform magic tricks to becoming the world's most notorious hacker, feared by corporations and the government.

As I reflect back on my life for the last thirty years, I admit I made some extremely poor decisions, driven by my curiosity, the desire to learn about technology, and a good intellectual challenge. I'm a changed person now. I'm turning my talents and the extensive knowledge I've gathered about information security and social engineering tactics to helping government, businesses and individuals prevent, detect, and respond to information security threats. This book is one more way that I can use my experience to help others avoid the efforts of the malicious information thieves of the world. I think you will find the stories enjoyable, eye-opening and educational.

Kevin Mitnick

Velikani svetskog haka - Kevin Mitnick

2008-10-13T21:57:00.009+02:00

Mnogo je ljudi koji se bave hakom. Mnogo je i stvari koje su oni počinili, što dobrih što loših. Ali je malo ljudi koji su izazvali toliko divljenje s jedne, i neverovatne optužbe i osude sa druge strane. Jedna od legendi haka jeste Kevin Mitnick, koga svi u hakerskoj zajednici veoma dobro znaju pod nadimkom Condor.

Kevin Mitnick rođen je 1946. godine u predgrađu Los Anđelesa. Računarima je počeo da se bavi u srednjoj školi . Sa 17 godina, dok je provaljivao u telefonski sistem jedne radio stanice, upoznao je Roscoa, vođu jedne „bande“ phreakersa. Naravno, i Rosco je istovremeno provaljivao u isti sistem pa su se tako slučajno i sreli. U početku je njihova specijalnost bila pravljenje štosova povezivanjem telefonskih linija ili zbunjivanje korisnika telefona. Na primer, dešavalo se da upadnu u vezu nekom ko je želeo da telefonira izvesnom gospodinu Smithu i tada bi se iz slušalice začuo glas nekog od veselih phreakera: „Da, izvolite Madam? Dobili ste centralu. Broj gospodina Smith-a je 6-8-5-7-8-9 i po. Ne znate kako da okrenete „i po“? E pa žao nam je, madam!“

Sa 17 godina je proveo 3 meseca u prihvatnom centru za maloletnike, pošto je sa svojom „bandom“ upao u Pacific Bell kompaniju u iz koje su izneli izveštaje, šifre za pristup podacima i operativne priručnike za COSMOS sistem. 1983 godine osuđen je na 6 meseci boravka u zatvoru za maloletnike jer je koristeći računar Univerziteta Južne Kalifornije , preko ARPANET-a upao u Pentagon. Pacific Bell mu je opet bio na meti 1984. godine kada je vršljao po njihovom sistemu na kome su se nalazili brojevi kreditinih kartica. Uspeo je da pobegne dok je policija dolazila da ga uhapsi. Na meti njegovog haka bili su i: Santa Cruz Operation (1987), Jet Propulsion Laboratory (1987), Dogital Equipment Corporation, opet Pacific Bell (1992), California Department of Motor Vehicles (1994), WELL (1995), Motorola, Nokia...

Ipak,najveću medijsku pažnju Mitnick je privukao kada je optužen za upad u računar Tsutomu Shimomurae . To je bio početak borbe dva hakerska majstora. Kada je Mitnick uhapšen u februaru 1995. godine, javnost je bila podeljena. Jedni su ga poštovali i smatrali za velikog hakera, dok su ga drugi osuđivali kao najgoreg kriminalca i provalnika. Jedno je sigurno, javnost je bila preplašena. Još dok je bio na slobodi, o Mitnicku su kružile priče da je sposoban da izazove Treći svetski rat tako što bi preko mobilnog telefona lansirao vojne projektile. Kada je uhapšen, posle nekoliko dana u zatvoru prebačen je na režim oštrog nadzora, jer navodno ugrožava bezbednost. Niko od nadležnih nije umeo da objasni razloge njegove izolacije. Po zatvoru su kružile glasine da Mitnick ume da prepravi vokmen u radio prijemnik koji bi mu služio da prisluškuje stražarske sobe. Naravno, ništa od toga nije bilo tačno. Tokom suđenja, Mitnick je uspeo da pobije neke od tačaka optužnice. Čak je i veliki gigant „Motorola“, u čiji je sistem Mitnick jednom prilikom bio upao, javno izdao saopštenje u kome se kaže da tom prilikom nije načinjena nikakva materijalna šteta. Takođe, nisu pronađeni nikakvi dokazi koji bi nagovestili da je Mitnick hakovanje koristio zarad pridobijanja materijalne koristi.

Mitnicku je presuda izrečena tek 1999. godine. Tokom procesa, 49 meseci sudije nisu dozvolile nikakvu raspravu o kauciji . Osuđen je na 5 godina strogog zatvora, ali je u njemu proveo samo godinu dana pošto je odbrana izdejstvovala da mu se vreme provedeno u zatvoru tokom suđenja uračuna u kaznu. Mitnick je oslobođen 21.januara 2000. i po izlasku iz zatvora tri godine nije smeo da koristi računar niti bilo kakav aparat za bežičnu komunikaciju, a uskraćeno mu je i pravo da se zaposli u bilo kojoj firmi koja se bavi kompjuterima.

Uz neosporno kompjutersko znanje, Mitnick se u svojim poduhvatima najviše služio socijalnim inženjeringom. Uspevao je da dođe do podataka ne približavajući se računarima, i to je između ostalog bio jedan od oslonaca njegove odbrane. Po izlasku iz zatvora napisao je knjigu o socijalnom inženjeringu pod nazivom „The Art of Deception“ (”Umetnost prevare”). Knjiga "The Art of Intrusion" ("Umetnost provale") takođe je njegovo delo i ona se više bavi objašnjenjima hakovanja i načinima na koje su se neki hakovi desili.

1995. godine, napravljen je i film ”Takedown” čija je radnja bazirana na njegovom životu, a predstavlja nastavak kultnog filma „Hackers“

Jedanaest godina posle hapšenja Mitnick ima firmu Mitnick Security Consulting, LLC koja se bavi konsaltingom u oblasti bezbednosti računara, predaje na konferencijama i seminarima o IT-u i ko-autor je na dve knjige koje govore o bezbednosti računara i socijalnom inženjeringu. A Condorovi hakovi se i danas prepričavaju u hakerskoj zajednici sa puno poštovanja.

Jedan od intervjua sa Mitnickom možete pogledati ovde

Više o Kevinu Mitnicku možete pronaći na sledećim adresama:

Kevin Mitnick na Google-u
Kevin Mitnick na Youtubeu
Kevin Mitnick na Wikipediji
Neobjavljena autobiografija Kevina Mitnicka
Jedan od prikaza afere Mitnick/Shimomura
Hakerski sajt čiji je autor Kevin Mitnick
Hakovana stranica NASA-e,jedna od poruka je i podrška Kevinu Mitnicku

Hakeri i terorizam

2008-10-13T21:56:00.031+02:00

Pod pojmom sajber-terorizam (cyber-terrorism) podrazumeva se korišćenje računara i informacionih tehnologija, pretežno Interneta, za izazivanje štete sa ciljem da se postigne ispunjavanje političkih ili religioznih ciljeva napadača. Širokom upotrebom Interneta idividualci i grupe ga mogu koristiti u cilju pretnje građanima, pojedinim (etničkim ili verskim) grupama, zajednicama, pa i samim državama. Međutim, postoje struje mišljenja koje tvrde da sajber-terorizam ne postoji i da je to u stvari pitanje hakovanja i rata zbog informacija.

Interesovanje javnosti za sajber-terorizam počelo je krajem 80-tih godina prošlog veka. Kako se bližila 2000. godina, rastao je strah od virusa „milenijumska buba“ kao i od potencijalnih napada sajber-terorista. Posle 11. septembra 2001. godine, terorizam, a samim tim i njegov deo koji se odnosi na svet informacionih tehnologija dospeo je u žižu javnosti. Naslovne stranice u medijima bile su prepune naslova koji upozoravaju na mogućnost jednog jakog napada koji bi onemogućio Internet da funskcioniše. Međutim, to se još uvek nije dogodilo.

Da bi se izvele ovakve akcije, neophodno je da napadači poseduju veliko znanje o računarima. Ali, kao što svaki programer nije haker, tako ni svaki haker nema programersko umeće. Zbog toga je neosnovano sajber-terorizam povezivati samo sa hakerima, iako postoje primeri da su upravo hakeri izveli neke od takvih akcija u prošlosti.

Rumunski hakeri su jednom prilikom uspeli da upadnu u sistem istraživačke stanice na Antartktiku gde je radilo 58 naučnika. Na svu sreću, njihova aktivnost je zaustavljena pre nego što se desila neka nesreća. Do kraja 2004. godine, nije zabeležen ni jedan napad hakera koji je odneo život i jedne osobe. Većina napada je izazivala materijalnu ili finansijsku štetu, kao u slučaju kada su virusi napali i ugasili nevitalne sisteme jedne nuklearne elektrane, ali nikakvih dalekosežnijih posledica nije bilo.

Najsvežiji primer koji je izazvao globalnu paniku desio se krajem septembra 2008. godine kada je grupa hakera koja se naziva 'Greek Security Team', 'upala' u računare CERN-a (Evropski centar za nuklearna istraživanja) toliko duboko da su se nalazili veoma blizu preuzimanja kontrole nad jednim od detektora LHC-a, najvećeg akceleratora čestica. Hakeri su u sistem provalili već prvog dana eksperimenta i postavili lažnu stranicu na sajt CERN-a, rugajući stručnjacima odgovornim za kompjuterski sistem nazivajući ih 'gomilom školaraca'. Predstavnici CERN-a saopštili su da nikakva materijalna šteta nije načinjena, ali je neugodno saznanje da su detektori, i cela skupocena skalamerija, podložni digitalnom ugrožavanju.

Za sada se hakeri u ulozi terorista pojavljuju samo na filmu, što možda predstavlja vizualizaciju straha sa kojim se suočava današnje društvo. Strah od terorizma u bilo kom obliku postoji i ima svoje realne osnove. Ljudi kažu da su u strahu velike oči, ali je ipak neosnovano da se cela hakerska zajednica zbog nedovoljne informisanosti i straha od nepoznatog obeleži kao subjekat takvog ponašanja. Upravo to se desilo legendi svetskog haka, Kevinu Mitnicku, za koga su kružile priče da bi mogao da aktivira vojne projektile i izazove Treći svetski rat, pa mu je tokom boravka u zatvoru bila uskraćena mogućnost da koristi čak i telefon, jer se smatralo da u njegovim rukama može da posluži za izazivanje neke globalne katastrofe.

Hakeri protiv Micro$ofta

2008-10-13T21:55:00.036+02:00

Jedan od postulata hakerske etike jeste da informacija bi trebalo / želi / mora da bude slobodna. Takođe, „pristup računarima i svemu što može da nas nauči o tome kako svet funkcioniše mora biti neograničen i potpun“. Ovde se ne misli samo na fizički pristup računarima, već se javlja i ideja o „programu slobodnog koda“ (open source software). Sloboda programa ogleda se u dve stvari:

1. program za čije se korišćenje i distribuciju neće uzimati nikakva novčana naknada
2. program čiji će izvorni kod (source) biti slobodan da se menja i poboljšava.

Ako se pogledaju vrednosti kojima u okviru kojih se formira poslovna politika kompanije Microsoft , primetiće se dve stavke koje su u suprotnosti sa hakerskom etikom:

„Mi poštujemo zakone i pravila koja garantuju prava i zaštitu naših i tuđih prava na kopiranje, zaštitne znakove, patente, poslovne tajne i druge oblike intelektualne svojine“

„Koristimo programe i druge informacije samo u skladu sa njhovim licencama i/ili uslovima korišćenja. Zabranjujemo stvaranje ili koriščenje nelicenciranih kopiranih materijala, uključujući programe, dokumentaciju, grafiku, slike, animacije, video isečke, zvuk i muziku“

Ove vrednosti koje ističe kompanija Microsoft dijametralno se suprotstavljaju definiciji slobodnog programa. Još ako se doda činjenica da je Bill Gates trenutno treći najbogatiji čovek na svetu sa 58 milijardi $ na računu prema listi Forbsa od 25.10.2008., onda se zaista razume gnev koji hakeri osećaju prema poslovnoj politici koju zastupa pomenuti gospodin i njegova kompanija. U biznisu nema emocija i nema ustupaka.

Kompanija Microsoft je od 1991. do 1998. godine bila pod istragom, a zatim dospela i na suđenje zbog monopolizacije tržišta, a prema tužbi amričkog ministarstva pravde i 20 američkih država. Centralna tema tužbe bio je pretraživač Internet Explorer, koji je korisnicima distribuiran uz operativni sistem Windows, što je ugrozilo druge proizvođače internet pretraživača.

Takođe, Evropska komisija tužila je Microsoft 1993. godine zbog zloupotrebe dominantne pozicije na tržištu i kršenja zakona o konkurenciji, zbog distribucije Windows Merdia Playera uz operativni sistem. Ovaj spor je zaključen presudom da Microsoft za tržište EU isporučuje verziju Windowsa bez Windows Media Playera

Zbog toga bl00dzer0, srpski haker i jedan od sagovornika ovog bloga, kaže da „Microsoft ima politiku koja se zasniva isključivo na stvaranju profita, a ne na želji za ostvarivanjem neke komunikacije sa običnim korisnikom i ispunjavanjem njegovih potreba.“

Još pre nastanka kompanije „Microsoft“ 1975. godine, nastali su glavni stubovi hakerske kulture: GNU projekat i Linux . GNU projekat ili Projekat programa otvorenog koda, prema Richardu Stallmanu, njegovom kreatoru, definiše se na sledeći način: „GNU, što znači GNU Nije Unix, je ime za kompletni Unix-kompatabilni softverski sistem koji ja pišem tako da bih ga mogao vratiti besplatno svima koji bi mogli da ga koriste. “ U daljem GNU manifestu, kako je nazvan ovaj dokument, detaljno se razrađuju razlozi zbog kojih bi programi trebalo da budu slobodni i besplatni.

U nekim tekstovima istog autora mogu se pronaći poređenja nekih Microsoft programa sa programima čije je korišćenje besplatno. Argumentovano je na mnogo primera da su neki od slobodnih programa čak i bolji od programa Miscrosofta. Razlog leži u tome što su slobodni programi dostupni svima da ih ispituju i testiraju, pa samim tim i poboljšavaju njihove performanse. Iste radnje na produktima Microsofta povlačile bi krivičnu odgovornost.

Većina ljudi u Srbiji verovatno ne zna koliko zaista koštaju operativni sistemi i programi sa zaštitnim znakom Microsofta. U razvijenim društvima je prosto nezamislivo da se operativni sistem Windows kupi na pijaci za 3 € ili 5 $. Međutim, kod nas je još uvek sve moguće, pa tako i da neka velika firma koristi nelicenciran piratizovan Windows.

Na sajtu Microsofta , za poslednji OS Windows Vista izdanje Home Edition trebalo bi izdvojiti $119.95. Home Premium izdanje košta $259.95, Business je $299.95, a Ultimate staje $319.95. Nadogradnja sistema u zavisnosti od onoga što korisnik poseduje i na koji nivo želi da nadogradi sistem košta od $87.86 do $166.86 to $219.99. Naravno, jedna kopija sistema Windows Vista se može instalirati na samo jedan računar.

Kada kupi operativni sistem, vlasnik neće moći da radi u Wordu, Excelu ili Power Pointu, jer i za to mora da se plati. (Kladim se da pola Srbije ovo ne zna!) Postoje razni paketi Microsoft officeo 2007, sa isto tako različitim cenama. Za studentski paket, Office Home and Student 2007 (sadrži Word, Excel, Power Point i OneNote) bi trebalo izdvojiti $149.95. Office Proffessional 2007 (sadrtži Excel, PowerPoint, Word, Access, Accounting Express, Outlook, Business Contact Manageri Publisher) plaća se $499.95. Office Standard 2007 je $399.95, Office Small Business 2007 košta $449.95, a Office Ultimate 2007 je $679.95. I tako dalje, i tako bliže. Koliko para, toliko muzike.

Sa druge strane, na sajtu www.ubuntu.com postoji odeljak u kome korisnik može upisati svoju adresu i da mu posle 10tak dana stigne na kućnu adresu paketić sa 5 (pet) kompleta Ubuntu Linux operativnog sistema. Svaki komplet sadrži jedan instalacioni i jedan butabilni disk sa Ubuntu Linuxom. Na svakom disku odštampano je „Legalno slobodno za kopiranje, modifikovanje i redistribuciju“. Na omotu svakog kompleta odštampano je objašnjenje zašto ova verzija nosi naziv Ubuntu . Paket stiže iz Belgije, a poštarinu od 5€ plaća pošiljalac. Takođe, ko ne želi da čeka isporuku, može preuzeti operativni sistem direktno sa sajta proizvođača.

Bez namere da staje na bilo koju stranu u ovom permanentnom sporu, autor ostavlja čitaocu da odluči iz koje će perspektive posmatrati i Billa Gatesa i hacera. Jedno je sigurno, ova bitka će potrajati, sve dok jedna strana na pobedi i uspe da nagovori drugu da radi po njenim pravilima.

Žene hakeri

2008-10-13T21:44:00.025+02:00

Prisustvo žena u cyber prostoru je nesumnjivo. One koriste Internet da bi komunicirale, pravile sopstvene web prezentacije, kupovale preko Mreže, bavile se Internet biznisom ili naprosto samo igrale igrice na Internetu. Ipak, kada se sfera hakovanja pomene, tu ima malo ženskih predstavnika. Ovaj svet je još uvek rezervisan pretežno za mušku populaciju. U svom tekstu „Women hackers – a report from the mission tolocate subversive women on the Net“ Cornelia Sollfrank kaže da je dugo istraživala hakere i tražila među njima dokaz da ne postoji „cyberfeminism“. Međutim, tokom svog dugogodišnjeg istraživanja, našla je malo žena koje su se ozbiljno bavile hakovanjem.

Hakovanje je pre svega zanimacija za tinejdžere koji znaju nešto o programiranju. Ozbiljniji svetski hakeri su uglavnom osobe koje imaju prilično slobodnog vremena ili neki kobajagi buntovnici protiv sistema. U takvoj priči žene se ne pronalaze, delom zbog toga što su konstruktivne po prirodi (a hakerisanje je, ipak, destruktivan posao), delom zato što nemaju strpljenja da rade nešto što im neće doneti korist.

Druga oblast vezana za računare u kojoj su muškarci u "prednosti" zato što se žene za to malo ili uopšte ne interesuju jesu kompjuterske igre. Muškarci mogu sate da provedu praveći kojekakve strategije ili izigravajući Džemsa Bonda, dok je krajnja granica do koje žene u ovoj sferi idu maštanje o figuri a la Lara Kroft.

Razlog ove pojave nije u nesposobnosti žena da razumeju tehniku, već u „nepostojanju motiva“ . Na svetu postoji veliki broj žena koje se bave računarima, izvrsni su programeri, ali nisu zainteresovane za hakovanje. Cornelia Sollfran kaže da „je za žene krađa skupog karmina ili laka za nokte iz parfimerije ono što je za muškarce hakovanje“ . Dešava se da neke devojčice igraju bejzbol, koji je muški sport, ali će se retko koja zaista suštinski zainteresovati za to i naučiti celu statistiku igrača i sve osvajače trofeja od nastanka lige. Ovome u prilog govori i činjenica da većina dečaka počinje da se bavi hakom u tinejdžerskom periodu, dok devojčice u tim godinama imaju drugačije interesovanja.

Bilo je slučajeva da osobe ženskog pola budu uhvaćene kako njuškaju oko sajtova na kojima se mogu kupiti razni kozmetički proizvodi pokušavajući da ukradu broj kreditne kartice kako bi naručile neki od ponuđenih artikala. Međutim, u najvećem broju slučajeva te aktivnosti bile pod nadzorom nekog „muškog“ hakera koji je obavljao sve „tehničke“ radnje, dok bi pred ženom stajala samo večita i nerazrešiva dilema: ŠTA odabrati? Ipak, dešava se da tu i tamo bljesne po neki ženski mozak u cyber prostoru.

Najpoznatija žena haker imala je pseudonim Susan (Susy) Thunder. Rođena kao Susan Headley, odrasla je u porodici u kojoj je bila zlostavljana. Kao tinjedžerka je počela da se bavi prostitucijom u Los Anđelesu. Bila je majstor socijalnog inženjeringa. Svoje izuzetne manipulativne sposobnosti otkrila je uspevajući da putem telefona nabavi različite propusnice za koncerte predstavljajući se kao sekretarica diskografskih kuća. Krajem 70-tih važila je za phreakera vrednog poštovanja. Ubrzo je upoznala hakere Roscoa i Kevina Mitnicka. Već tada su njena specijalnost bili vojni računari . To joj je davalo osećaj moći. Koristila je i metode koje bi bile nezamislive za muške hakere: prostituisala se u vojnim bazama, a zatim bi, dok „mušterije“ spavaju u njihovoj odeći pronalazila dokumenta sa šiframa za pristup računarima iz kojih bi krala datoteke. Bila je u kratkoj vezi sa Roscom, a kada je shvatila da on namerava da se oženi drugom devojkom, provalila je u sistem Američkih lizing kompanija, obrisala sve podatke sa jednog računara, podesila da štampač konstantno štampa papire sa uvredljivim porukama i potpisala se, mimo svih hakerskih profesionalnih kodeksa, kao Rosco i Kevin. To je pomoglo da se njih dvojica kasnije uhapse, a Susan je dobila imunitet u zamenu za svedočenje protiv njih. Pošto je ostavila hakovanje, Susan je radila kao savetnik za bezbednost. U Američkom Senatu govorila je o nacionalnoj bezbednosti, pa je tako jednom prilikom demonstrirala svoje umeće na računarima. Dat joj je kompjuter, modem i naziv sistema koji je trebalo da uhakuje. U troku od 20 minuta, pred njom su stajali svi tajni fajlovi sa sistema.

The Beautiful Blondes (TBB) je četvoročlana ženska hakerska grupa koja je bila veoma aktivna krajem 80-tih godina u Evropi. Ove četiri devojke pod pseudonimima BBR, BBL, BBD i TBB su brzo postale poznate u hakerskom podzemlju zbog svojih veština, a specijalnost su im bili kompjuteri tipa Commodore 64. Dve od njih (BBR i TBB), umrle su 1993. godine, ne dočekavši svoj 20ti rođendan.

U skorijoj istoriji hakovanja, još jedna hakerka postala je poznata po svojim sposobnostima. Belgijanka pod pseudonimom Gigabyte najpoznatija je po tome što je 2003. godine napisala virus W-32/Coconut koji primaocima stiže kao priložena datoteka uz e – mail. Kada se datoteka pokrene, skenira sve e - mail adrese u računaru i na njih šalje sopstvenu kopiju. U isto vreme pokreće se i igrica Coconut shy u kojoj igrač orahom gađa sličicu Grahama Clulya, Sophosovog stručnjaka za viruse. Za svaki pogodak dobijaju se bodovi, a što više bodova korisnik prikupi, to će manje datoteka na njegovom računaru biti inficirano.

Gigabyte je, prethodno, početkom 2002., sa nepunih 15 godina napisala virus Sharpei, o kom se Graham Cluly iz kompanije Sophos izrazio sa nipodaštavanjem, usput je i napomenuo kako žene nemaju programersko umeće, kako su hakeri zavisnici od pizze, ljudi bez seksualnog života i ružni tinejdžeri koji ne izlaze napolje. Revoltirana njegovom izjavom, Gigabyte je napisala pomenuti virus i tako postala pravi hakerska feministkinja i seks simbol za mlade hakere koji su svakodnevno posećivali njenu web prezentaciju pokušavajući da stupe u kontakt sa njom. Posle incidenta sa virusom Coconut shy, Graham Cluly je počeo da izjavljuje kako je Gigabyte „kompetentan programer“. Gigabyte je u svojoj 18toj godini neko vreme bila u vezi sa hakerom Nostalg1c (20), članom belgijske hakerske grupe koja je difejsovala sajt Bele kuće. Njihov zajednički intervju u časopisu Wired možete pročitati ovde.

Iako u cyber prostoru ima više muškaraca, ne treba zaboraviti činjenicu da je prvi kompjuterski programer bila žena. U pitanju je Ada Lovelace, ćerka Lorda Byrona iz neuspelog braka sa Annabellaom Milbanke. Ada je bila haker u klasičnom smislu te reči: sa svojim prijateljem Charlesom Babbageom posvetila se priodnim naukama. Babbage je od 1837, pa sve do svoje smrti 1871 radio na konstruisanju analitičke mašine, a Ada je napisala program tj software za nju. Analitička mašina je bila namenjena za nalaženje vrednosti svakog matematičkog izraza za koji znamo kako da ga izračunamo, to jest redosled operacija koje treba izvršiti i bazirala se na algoritmima.

Potpuno je očigledno da se nastavlja trend da muškarci dominiraju u društvu koje se bazira na tehnologiji. Ipak, žene koje su se pojavile na hakerskoj sceni bile su veoma uspešne, i što je možda i bitnije, veoma poštovane od svojih kolega hakera. Međutim, postoje žene hakeri koje kriju svoj identitet iza muških pseudonima. Po prvi put u istoriji dešava se da jedan pol u potpunosti simulira onaj drugi, a takođe i ženi da se prema njoj ponašaju kao prema muškarcu.

Nova hakerska etika

2008-10-13T21:37:00.006+02:00

NOVA HAKERSKA ETIKA (ETIKA HAKERA 90tih godina) ima osnove kao i Originalna, ali joj je u suštini protivrečna. Razlog za to leži u većoj brojnosti i disperzivnosti modernih hakera u odnosu na originalne hakere 60tih. Osnovni postulat glasi „Iznad svega, ne oštećuj“. (Misli se na računare i podatke u njima). Prema tome, hack bi trebalo da bude :

1. bezbedan 2. da ne oštećuje ništa 3. da ne ugrožava nikog, ni fizički, ni mentalno ni emocionalno 4. zabavan, za najveći broj ljudi koji ga iskuse.

Uz ove principe, 1996. godine pojavljuje se „The New Hacking Manifesto“ , koji je napisao haker srednjoškolac pod pseudonimom Mentor. The New Hacking Manifesto je kasnije izmenjen i prisvojen od od strane Black hat hackers.

Kao što je već rečeno, ne postoji konačna i opšteprihvaćena definicija hakerske etike. Svi imaju svoje razloge i opravdanja za ono što rade, ali evidentno je da svojim aktivnostima postavljaju konstantne izazove tehnologiji i guraju je napred u nepoznato.

Originalna hakerska etika

2008-10-13T21:19:00.013+02:00

ORIGINALNA HAKERSKA ETIKA ima korene u laboratorijama MIT-a i Stanfordskog univerziteta 50tih i 60tih godina prošlog veka. Ti „hakeri stare škole“ bili su prvi programeri, zajedno su radili na pravljenju računara i bilo je normalno da svaki od njih svoja otkrića podeli sa ostalima. Steven Levy je 1984. godine u svojoj knjizi „Hakeri: Heroji kompjuterske revolucije“ definisao šest principa hakerske etike.

I Pristup računarima i svemu što može da nas nauči o tome kako svet funkcioniše mora biti neograničen i potpun. Ovo je osnovni zahtev koji treba da se ispuni kako bi sve barijere između ljudi i tehnologije bile uklonjene, bez obzira koliko ta tehnologija bila velika, kompleksna, opasna ili moćna. Međutim, u prošlosti se pokazalo da to nije bio slučaj, pošto su prvi računari odmah dospeli u posed vlade i velikih korporacija. Ono što je trebalo da obogati ljudski život postalo je oružije za dehumanizaciju ljudi. Vlade nisu koristile računare da bi pomogle siromašnima, već da bi kontrolisali nuklearno naoružanje. Prosečni Amerikanac imao je pristup računaru slabih performansi, dok su se zaista moćni kompjuteri našli iza čeličnog zida enormnih cena i birokratije. Poslovna politika pobedila je nad umetničkim aspektima korišćenja kompjutera i u toj pobedi rodilo se hakovanje kao odgovor .

II Sve informacije moraju biti javne (slobodan pristup informacijama): Izjava da „Informacija želi da bude slobodna“ može da se interpretira na tri načina :

1. informacija slobodna bez ograničenja – sloboda kretanja, nema cenzure

2. informacija želi biti bez kontrole – sloboda promene i razvitka, nema autorskih i svojinskih prava, nema intelektualne svojine

3. informacija bez materijalne vrednosti – nema plaćanja za nju

Neki hakeri informaciju shvataju kao živo biće, slobodnu da se kreće prema svom nahođenju, (virusi, genetički algoritmi, botovi...). Različiti hakeri različito definišu „slobodu informacije“, ali bez obzira na to, ona i dalje ostaje ključni princip hakerske etike, jer se smatra da ljudi imaju pravo da znaju aktivnosti svoje vlade; kada ona laže, kada krade, kada ubija ljude. Jer vladu postavljaju ljudi, oni je čine i daju joj moć putem društvenog ugovora.

III Odbojnost prema autoritetima – potsticanje decentralizacije: Ovaj element pokazuje koliko je jaka anarhističko – liberalističko – individualistička priroda hakera . Oni su oduvek pokazivali nepoverenje prema velikim državnim institucijama, korporacijama i kompjuterskoj administrativnoj birokratiji. Hakeri smatraju da tehnologija predstavlja najbolji način za povraćaj sopstvene slobode od onih koji su je uzeli, dok vlada pokušava da zaustavi širenje tehnologije pravdajući se nacionalnim interesima, zloupotrebom i strahom od društvene dezintegracije. Neki od ovih argumenata su tačni, jer kriptoanarhija može dovesti do toga da državne tajne budu iznesene u javnost, baš kao i nezakoniti i ukradeni materijali, a istrebljenja i ubistva biće normalna stvar.

IV Hakere bi trebalo ceniti prema njihovom haku, a ne po lažnim kriterijumima kao što su diploma, starost, rasa, pol ili položaj u društvu: Moć Interneta leži u bezličnosti njegovih korisnika. Ni jedan od gore nabrojanih ljudskih karakteristika na Internetu nije važan. Bitne su samo aktivnosti koje korisnik preduzima u okviru Mreže.

V Na računaru se kreira umetnost i lepota: Hakovanje se vezuje za umetnost i kreativnost. Ovi elementi se dalje mogu podići na nivo filozofije koja u nekim svojim delovima traga za dobrom, istinom i lepotom. Bez sumnje, dobro hakovanje i programiranje jesu umetnost i svaka osoba ima svoj stil rada koji se može menjati vremenom .

VI Računari mogu promeniti život na bolje: Ovaj princip može se povezati sa prethodnim, pošto većina ljudskih želja teži ka lepoti, istini i dobru. Računar nam pomaže da stvorimo takve stvari i time nam ulepšava život. I prethodni i ovaj princip oslikavaju duboku ljubav prema tehnologijama, iako nije eksplicitno naglašeno da one baš uvek mogu promeniti ljudski život na bolje. Smatra se da je etički neispravno da se računari koriste za pogoršavanje života ljudi .

Svi ovi etički principi sugerišu da je dužnost hakera da uklanja granice, decentralizuje moć, sudi o ljudima na osnovu njihovih mogućnosti i da kroz računare poboljšava život. Ostaje otvoreno pitanje da li oni idu u prilog ideji besplatnog programa (GNU projekat gledište), uzdržavanju od korišćenja računara u zlonamerne svrhe (gledište Clifforda Stolla) ili potrebe za bezbednom mrežom baziranoj na poverenju (Steven Levyjeva pozicija). Svaki od ova tri aspekta pokazuju da se hakeri novog doba ograđuju ili boje principa originalne hakerske etike .

Hakerska etika

2008-10-13T21:08:00.010+02:00

Prema Jargon Fileu hakerska etika je:

1. verovanje da je širenje informacija moćna pozitivna osobina i da je etička dužnost hakera da dele svoje znanje kreiranjem besplatnih programa i omogućavanjem pristupa informacijama i kompjuterskim izvorima kada god je to moguće.

2. verovanje da je provaljivanje u sistem radi zabave i istraživanja etički ispravno dok god haker ne počini krađu, vandalizam ili oda poverljive podatke.

(videti original iz jargon Filea)

Oba verovanja su su široko rasprostranjena među hakerima i veliki deo hakerske populacije se, između ostalog bavi pisanjem besplatnih programa. Drugi, pak idu dalje, pa smatraju da bi SVE informacije trebalo da budu slobodne i da je postojanje bilo kakvog privatnog vlasništva loše (takva je na primer filozofija GNU projekta).

Provaljivanje u sistem radi zabave i istraživanja je definicija etike koja je izazvala mnogo polemika jer mnogi ljudi smatraju da je hakovanje samo po sebi neetično, kao i provaljivanje u sisteme. Neki hakeri su pokušali da opovrgnu ove stavove time što su provaljivali u sisteme, a zatim sistem-operaterima putem maila slali besplatne savete i uputstva kako da „zakrpe“ rupu u sistemu. Bez obzira na različite stavove, zajedničko za sve hakere jeste da obožavaju da dele saznanja, tehničke trikove i programe sa svojim kolegama. Zahvaljujući ovakvom osećanju zajedništva među hakerima velike kooperativne mreže kao što su Usenet , FidoNet i Internet mogu da rade bez centralne kontrole.

Tokom vremena, uz razvoj tehnologije, menjao se i etički pristup hakovanju, pa tako možemo razlikovati sledeće:

Originalna hakerska etika

Etika hakera 90tih godina

Psihološki profil hakera - omiljeno štivo

2008-10-10T20:21:00.032+02:00

Nauka i naučna fantastika su važan deo u životu svakog hakera. Često čitaju dela koja su predmet interesovanja ljudi sklonih liberalnoj umetnosti, ali ne govore mnogo o tome. Većina hakera provede onoliko vremena čitajući koliko prosečan Amerikanac provede ispred televizora. Njihove police prepune su knjiga pohabanih od čitanja.

Što se usko stručne literature tiče, uz knjige o hakovanju, postoje i dva najpoznatija hakerska časopisa. To su „2600“, i „Phrack“.

„2600“ je najstariji hakerski časopis osnovan 1984. godine od strane Emanuella Goldstinea. Ime je dobio po 2600 megaherca, koliko je proizvodila čuvena pištaljka Captain Crunch-a kada je uspeo da prevari telefonsku centralu. „2600 “ je i danas jedan od posećenijih sajtova iz oblasti hakovanja. U njegovim online izdanjima mogu se pronaći najnovije informacije o tome kako je Američka Bezbednosna Služba unapredila svoj računarski sistem, šta se novo desilo u oblasti zaštite računara itd... Ovaj časopis zaslužan je za stvaranje konfeterncije H.O.P.E. (Hackers on Planet Earth) koja svakog prvog petka u mesecu u 17 časova okuplja hakere iz celog sveta. Zemlje održavanja konferencije su Argentina, Australija, Austrija, Brazil, Kanada, Danska, Engleska, Finska, Francuska, Grčka, Irska, Italija, Japan, Meksiko, Novi Zeland, Norveška, Poljska, Porto Riko, Rusija, Škotska, Južna Afrika, Švedska, Švajcarska i SAD.

„Phrack“ je prvi put ugledao svetlost dana 17. novembra 1985. godine. Ime je dobio spajanjem reči „phreak“ i „crack“. U prvom broju nalazilo se 8 tekstova od kojih su neki: „Kako napraviti acetilensku bombu“ autora The Clashmaster-a, „Kako provaliti u školski računar preko modema“ koji je napisao Phantom Phreaker, „Upotreba MCI međunarodnih kartica“ čuvenog Knighta Lightninga i tako dalje. Teme kojima se bavio ovaj časopis su se najviše odnosile na bezbednost kompjutera, hakovanje, kriptografiju i svetske vesti. Originalno uredništvo predvodili su Taran King i Knight Lighting. Izdanja su se prvo pojavljivala na BBS-ovima na kojima je Taran King bio sistem operater, a kasnije su se distribuirali po ostalim BBS-ovima. Ovaj magazin smatran je ujedno i priručnikom i manifestom hakera.

U 2005. godini objavljeno je da „Phrack“ prestaje da postoji i da je njegovo 63. izdanje, ujedno i poslednje. Ipak, 27. maja 2007. godine, „Phrack“ broj 64. je ugledao svetlost dana uređen od strane novih mladih ljudi koji sebe nazivaju "The Circle of Lost Hackers" (TCLH). Ista grupa objavila je 65. izdanje novina 11. aprila 2008. godine.

„Phrack“ izlazi neredovno, i kao svaka akademska publikacija, podeljen je na tomove. Svaki tom se sastoji od određenog broja pojedinačnih tekstova raznih autora. Svi tekstovi prolaze kroz ruke uredništva, tzv Phrack Stuff čiji članovi pišu uvodnike. Iako obiluje tekstovima iz raznih oblasti u vezi sa kompjuterima, hakovanjem i tehnologijom uopšte, postoji nekoliko redovnih kolumna koje se pojavljuju u najvećem broju izdanja:

Prophile - prikaz neke veoma uticajne osobe iz hakerskog podzemlja
Loopback - odgovori na najoriginalnije ili najgluplje mailove koji su pristigli u uredništvo

Phrack World News - izveštaji sa najvažnijih događaja koji nemaju veze sa hakerima

International Scene - skup svedočenja hakera iz celog sveta o nacionalnim i internacionalnim aktivnostima

Uz pomenute "hakerske" magazine, postoji i časopis „Wired“- kolor mesečnik koji se prvi put pojavio u martu 1993. godine. Iako se ne bavi tematikom samog hakovanja, veoma je popularan među pripadnicima sajber kulture jer se bavi razvojem novih tehnologija, Internetom, slobodnim softverm itd... Takodje, Wired je jedan od prvih časopisa koji su objavili email adrese svojih novinara i saradnika.

Kao dodatak časopisu, postoji enciklopedija "Geekipedia" koje sadrži spisak pojmova vezanih za tehnologiju i njihovih objašnjenja.

Što se knjiga tiče, poslednjih godina pojavilo ih se mnogo, od onih pisanih od strane novinara i IT stručnjaka koje opisuju hakersku zajednicu, preko onih napisanih od strane samih hakera i predstavljaju svojevrsna svedočenja o njihovim podvizima, do onih knjiga koje su predstavljene kao priručnici "HOW TO..." za razne segmente informacionih tehnologija.

Ipak, obavezna lektira za sve hakere jesu sledeće knjige:

Kevin Mitnick: "The Art of Deception" (Umeće provale) - Knjiga koja govori o hakerima, exploitima i kompjuterskim "uljezima". Za svaki "hack" spomenut u knjizi Kevin Mitnick daje obješnjenje kako je izveden.

Kevin Mitnick: "The Art of Intrusion" (Umeće obmane) - Knjiga koja govori o socijalnom inženjeringu, dokazujući da je ovek najslabija karika u lancu bezbednosti računara.

Tsutomu Shimomura i John Markoff: "Takedown" - Knjiga koja govori o praćenju i hapšenju najpoznatijeg hakera današnjice - Kevina Mitnicka. Knjigu su napisali agent FBI-ja Tsutomu Shimomura koji je uhvatio Mitnicka i novinar John Markoff koji je izveštavao o ovom slučaju i procesu koji je kasnije vođen.

Steven Levy: "Hackers: Heroes of the Computer Revolution" (Hakeri: Heroji kompjuterske revolucije) - Knjiga o hakerima, u kojoj se prvi put spominje hakerska etika

Anonimyous: "Maximum Security: A Hacker's guide to protecting your computer" (Maksimalna bezbednost: hakerski vodič za zaštitu vašeg kompjutera) - Izuzetna knjiga koju možete upotrebiti kako da zaštitite svoj kompjuter, tako i da "provalite" u tuđ :)

Uz pomenutu "obaveznu" literaturu svakog hakera, u opticaju su sve knjige koje za temu imaju zaštitu i bezbednosti računara, programske jezike i programiranje, mreže, Interne, protokole, povezivanje, kriptovanje i dekriptovanje, Linux, Windows, Unix i ostale OS, servere i sve ono što može da posluži za unapređenje znanja o kompjuterima.

Psihološki profil hakera - političko, seksualno i religijsko opredeljenje

2008-10-10T20:20:00.009+02:00

POL I NACIONALNOST : Hakovanje je još uvek pretežno muška sfera interesovanja, iako ima i žena koje se bave ovim aktivnostima.

Kada su nacionalnost i rasa u pitanju, u Americi hakovanjem se najviše bave belci bez nekog socijalno naznačenog porekla, a za njima slede Jevreji i pripadnici orijentalnih naroda. Jevrejski pripadnici imaju veliki uticaj na hakersku zajednicu i dosta termina u Jargon Fileu vodi poreklo iz Jidiša. Kod hakovanja nema etničkih predrasuda. Komunikacija preko računara omogućila je hakerima da se oslobode pritiska boje kože i nacionalne pripadnosti. A tu je i uticaj naučno – fantastične kulture, gde se ne pojavljuje pitanje ko ima koju boju kože, već ko je robot a ko čovek.

POLITIČKO OPREDELJENJE : Ranije su bili blago liberalno orijentisani, dok su danas uglavnom neokonzervativnih opredeljenja. Postoji jaka liberalna tendencija koja odbija podele na krajnju levicu i desnicu. Jedina bezbedna generalizacija hakera po ovom pitanju jeste da oni teže da budu anti-autoritarno raspoloženi. Hakeri su kao i pripadnici ostalih delova društva, ili agresivno apolitični ili žive prema političkoj ideologiji iz dana u dan.

RELIGIOZNOST : Među hakerima susreću se Agnostici, ateisti, neo - pagani, Jevreji koji se ne pridržavaju običaja. Dešava se da neka osoba objedini tri ili više nabrojanih opredeljenja u sebi. Retki su slučajevi konvencionalnih hrišćanskih vernika. Čak se i hakeri koji imaju religiozno opredeljenje trude da se ne pridržavaju slepo svoje religije.

Dosta hakera je pod uticajem Zen Budizma ili Taoizma i meša ih sa svojom prirodnom religijom.

SEKSUALNE SKLONOSTI : Hakeri su tolerantni po pitanju seksualnog opredeljenja u odnosu na glavnu kulturu. Njihova zajednica uključuje veliki broj homo- i bi-seksualno orijentisanih pripadnika. Uspostavljaju poligamijske ili poliandrijske veze, praktikuju otvoren brak i često žive u komunama, što je, prema shvatanjima masovne kulture, protivno tradiciji i moralu.

HAKERSKI LOGO: U oktobru 2003. godine Eric S. Raymond je predložio hakerski amblem. Ideja je prihvaćena, ali amblem nije zvanično obeležje jer ima hakera koji smatraju da njihova grupa ne bi trebalo da koristi nikakve oznake.

Psihološki profil hakera - obrazovanje, oblačenje, interesovanja

2008-10-10T20:13:00.034+02:00

OBRAZOVNI PROFIL : Skoro svi hakeri su ili završili koledže ili su samoukošću došli do tog nivoa. Samouki haker se od strane drugih hakera smatra bolje motivisanim i uživa veće poštovanje u zajednici od školovanog. Najčešće oblasti iz kojih se ljudi upuštaju u hack jesu, uz informatiku elektrotehnika, fizika, matematika, lingvistika i filozofija. Ipak, kao što svaki programer nije nužno i haker, tako ni hakeri ne moraju uvek da vladaju veštinom programiranja.

Interesantan je primer Adriana Lamoa, samoukog hakera beskućnika. Lamo je rođen 1981. godine u Bostonu . Veći deo života proveo je putujući po Americi, spavao je u napuštenim zgradama i parkovima. Nije znao ništa o računarima i programiranju. Hakovanje je učio po Internet caffeima, bibliotekama i univerzitetskim računarskim centrima i odatle je uspeo da provali u sisteme New York Timesa i kompanija kao što su Microsoft i Lexis – Nexis. Optužnica protiv njega pokrenuta je u avgustu 2003. godine, a Lamo se predao FBI-ju u Nju Jorku 11. septembra. Optužen je krivim za kompjuterski kriminal protiv pomenutih firmi u januaru 2004. Po isteku zatvorske kazne upisao je novinarstvo na American River College-u.

STIL OBLAČENJA: Hakeri se oblače jednostavno, neformalno: farmerke, majica patike. Majice su najčešće sa nekim šaljivim parolama. Do 1990. godine nisu bile rasprostranjene majice sa kompjuterskim motivima, ali kako je hakerska kultura vremenom razvila svoje simbole, danas postoje majice sa slikama Penguina (zaštitni znak Linux-a) ili Daemona (BSD). Mali broj hakera preferira čizme za planinarenje. Posle 1995. hakeri padaju pod uticaj pankerske, gotske i rave potkulture. To se ogledalo u nošenju crne garderobe, posebno kada su išli do granica formalnosti. Posle 1975. godine akten tašne koje su nosili prvi hakeri sa MIT-a zamenili su rančevi. Hakerima je više stalo do komfora, funkcionalnosti i lakog održavanja garderobe nego do izgleda. Ne podnose poslovna odela i radije će istupiti iz nekog posla nego se obući u poslovnom stilu. Čak i ako to urade, obavezno će tu konvencionalnost razbiti nekom šaljivom kravatom.

Muškarci uglavnom imaju dugu kosu i nose bradu ili brkove, dok se devojke hakeri ne šminkaju preterano, ili se uopšte ne šminkaju.

ISHRANA: Vole nacionalne kuhinje sa puno začina, uglavnom orijentalnu, kinesku ili meksičku. Za hakere pizza ili neki proizvod iz restorana brze hrane su preveliki obrok. Među „običnim ljudima“ preovladava shvatanje da su hakeri konzumenti nekvalitetne brze hrane, međutim to nije tačno.

OSTALA INTERESOVANJA: Neki od hobija koje upražnjavaju hakeri su široko rasprostranjeni. To su pre svega naučna fantastika, muzika, medievalistika, šah, ratne igre i intelektualne igre svih vrsta, logičke slagalice i ostale oblasti koje nisu usko povezane sa hakovanjem ali koje uključuju lingvistiku i glumu.

Hakeri više vole mačke nego pse. (Uostalom, široko je rasprostranjeno mišljenje da mačke imaju hakersku prirodu). Veliki broj vozi oronule automobile koje zaboravi da opere. Oni bogatiji preferiraju moderan Porše ili RX-7s, ali i njih zaboravljaju da operu. Svi hakeri imaju užasan rukopis.

STVARI KOJE HAKERI IZBEGAVAJU: Na ovoj listi su svi proizvodi kompanije Microsoft, Štrumfovi, Evoksi i svi oblici napadne lepote. Nervira ih birokratija i glupi ljudi, Ne vole da slušaju laganu muziku, kao ni da gledaju televiziju, sa izuzetkom crtanih filmova i naučno fantastičnih filmova. Nervira ih neiskrenost, nekompetentnost i dosada. Od programskih jezika izbegavaju COBOL i BASIC, a takođe i programe čiji se izgled zasniva na tekstu (a ne na ikonicama).

FIZIČKE AKTIVNOSTI I SPORT: Najveći broj hakera se uopšte ne bavi fizičkim aktivnostima. Među onima koji ih praktikuju, interesovanje za sport nije veliko. Izbegavaju kolektivne sportove. Hakerski sportovi su uvek pojedinačni, koji uključuju koncentraciju i mikromotorne sposobnosti: biciklizam, auto trke, skejting, jedrenje, planinarenje, jedriličarstvo...

POROCI:Većina hakera ne konzumira cigarete i alkohol. Tokom 1995. bio je trend među Linux hakerima da piju egzotična piva, pod uticajem Linusa Torvalds-a koji je voleo Guinness. Ograničena upotreba kanabisa, LSD-a, nitrus oksida nekada je bila prihvaćenija nego u masovnoj kulturi. Sa druge strane, korišćenje opijata je retko jer hakeri ne žele da koriste drogu koja ih zatupljuje. Većina hakera koristi kafu i/ili šećer kako bi ostala budna cele noći tokom hakovanja.

Psihološki profil hakera - pojava, crte ličnosti, komunikacija

2008-10-10T19:56:00.011+02:00

Ljudi gaje određene stereotipe kada su hakeri u pitanju. Priča o smešnom, malom, mršavom belcu koji nema socijalni život je skup ekstremnih osobina koje mogu imati hakeri i nikako ne predstavlja stereotip prosečnog pripadnika hakerske zajednice.

Jargon File sadrži jedan deo posvećen psihologiji i načinu života hakera, njihovim navikama i preferencijama.

Zavirimo malo!

POJAVA : Hakeri su veoma inteligentne osobe, istrošenog izgleda, apstraktni su. Iako se bave profesijom koja zahteva dosta sedenja, pretežno su mršavi. Ukoliko pate od prevelike težine, onda je to u ekstremu, baš kao i mršavost. Retko su preplanulog tena

CRTE LIČNOSTI : Ono što je zajedničko svim hakerima jeste visok koeficijent inteligencije, velika radoznalost i lakoća intelektualne apstrakcije. Stimulišu ih nova saznanja. Većina su individualci i antikonformisti. Imaju povišenu sposobnost apsorpcije znanja i obraćaju pažnju na mnoštvo „običnim ljudima“ nebitnih detalja, prepuštajući kasnijem iskustvu da im da kontekst i značenje. Osoba sa prosečnom analitičkom inteligencijom koja ima ovu sposobnost može biti izvrstan haker, dok kreativni genije kome nedostaje ova karakterna crta nikada neće dostići taj nivo. Većina hakera smatra da je „hakovanje upotreba znanja zarad sticanja novih saznanja.“

Suprotno već pomenutim stereotipima, hakeri nisu jednostrani. Trude se da budu uključeni u bilo koju temu koja izaziva intelektualni napor, i mogu podjednako dobro da diskutuju o mnoštvu različitih tema - pod uslovom da ih dovoljno zainteresujete kako se ne bi povukli i vratili hakovanju. Interesantno je da hakeri, što su bolji u hakovanju, to su svestraniji i otvoreniji i za druge teme. Hakeri se plaše kontrole i ne žele da imaju veze ni sa čim što je obavezujuće i autoritativno. Sa druge strane, kao što dete voli da upravlja električnim vozićem, tako i haker uživa da radi komplikovane radnje navodeći računar da to obavlja za njega Ali to mora biti njegova, i samo njegova aktivnost. Ne vole monotoniju, neodređenost i većinu dosadnih stvari koje prate život. Imaju tendenciju da budu savršeno sređeni na intelektualnom planu, a da im ostali aspekti života budu u haosu. Kod za program biće savršeno napisan, iako su radni sto i kućište računara zatrpani đubretom.

Većina hakera ne nalazi motivaciju u opštem društvenom prihvatanju ili novcu. Njih privlače izazovi, uzbuđuju ih nove igračke. Interesovanje za posao imaju samo ako ga posmatraju kao izazov ili kao igračku sa kojom će se igrati. Njihov tip ličnosti je intovertan, intuitivan i misleći, za razliku od tipa koji dominira u glavnoj kulturi.

NAČIN KOMUNIKACIJE : 1337 je razvijeniji u pisanom nego u govornom obliku. To je zbog toga što su i hakeri mnogo bolji u pisanom izražavanju nego u živoj interpersonalnoj komunikaciji. I dok je leet uvek otvoren za nove kovanice, hakeri su, po pravilu, veoma osetljivi na značenje reči kada govore sa „nekim oči u oči“ i veoma su precizni u njihovoj upotrebi.

NEGATIVNE CRTE LIČNOSTI : Hakeri nemaju sposobnost emotivne identifikacije sa ostalim ljudima. To može biti delom zbog toga što hakeri nisu kao „ostali ljudi“. Često teže aroganciji, iskazivanju nestrpljenja prema ljudima i stvarima za koje smatraju da im traće vreme. Ponekad su cinični, a tendencija da druge ljude posmatraju na isti način kao i sebe (racionalne, slikovite i „cool“) dovodi do slabljenja komunikacionih sposobnosti. To se najbolje vidi u situacijama sukoba i pregovora.

Ipak, postoji jedna stvar u kojoj su neki od njih izuzetno dobri, a to je socijalni inženjering , ili, prostije rečeno, manipulacija drugim ljudima. Ovo se prvenstveno odnosi na phreakere koji su neretko dolazili do poverljivih šifara upravo ubeđivanjem i manipulacijom. Pozvali bi nekog i za čas izvukli iz njega lozinku za pristup računaru, broj kreditne kartice ili broj naloga za pristup internetu. Nekrunisani kralj "socijalnog inženjeringa" je poznati haker Kevin Mitnick, koji je svoja iskustva pretočio u knjigu "Art of Deception" u kojoj govori o kontrolisanju ljudskog faktora u bezbednosti računara.

Hakeri imaju bolesnu naviku da stvarima pristupaju iz tehničkog ugla, zato što bi to bio zanimljiviji način da se određeni problem reši. Zbog svoje strasti za činjenjem Prave Stvari (one za koju oni smatraju da je Prava) izuzetno su netolerantni po pitanjima tehnike i ne dozvoljavaju da se neka pojava sagleda iz drugog ugla sa tehničke strane. Na primer, hakeri stare škole sa nipodaštavanjem gledaju na Unix i Linux hakere, Unix hakeri preziru Windows, a korisnici Useneta smatraju da je IRC obično gubljenje vremena. Zbog svega ovoga, hakeri imaju problem u izgrađivanju dugotrajnog odnosa sa okolinom i ostvarivanju trajnijih veza. Kao proizvod nastaju klasični „kompjuterski gikovi“: nesposobni za odnos sa drugima, seksualno frustrirani i očajni kada nisu prihvaćeni u željenom društvu. Na svu sreću, takvi slučajevi su malobrojni, iako se većina hakera može prepoznati neke od navedenih osobina u svojoj ličnosti. Često su totalno dezorganizovani i smotani kada je u pitanji komunikacija sa fizičkim svetom.

Tokom 1994 i 1995 godine kod ljudi koji se bave hakovanjem otkriven je ADD sindrom (Attention Deficit Disorder) koji je okarakterisan nemogućnošću održavanja pažnje kombinovano sa hiperfokusiranjem na stvari koje ih zanimaju. 1999. godine otkriva se AS (Asperger’s syndrom). Ovaj poremećaj se zove i ”visokofunkcionalni autizam”. Ispoljava se u nemogućnosti da se razume govor lica i tela drugih osoba, kao i nemogućnost saosećanja sa njima. Na drugoj strani, postoji visok koeficijent inteligencije, velike analitičke sposobnosti kao i izuzetna sposobnost rešavanja problema na tehničkom polju. Oba sindroma pripisana su anomalijama neurotransmitera. Hakeri su tada primetili da većinska kultura pokazuje tendenciju da patologizira normalne varijacije u ličnosti i nisu želeli da budu ispitivani kako bi se naučno potvrdilo da ti sindromi zaista postoje. Smatrali su da društveni sistem koji se zasniva na autoritetu nema sluha za „drugačije“ ljude i da će pokušati da ih protera ili izleči kako bi se pravilno uklopili u „dobro socijalizovano“ društvo. Zbog toga hakeri smatraju da imaju razloga da budu skeptični prema kliničkim objašnjenjima svoje ličnosti. Ipak, ostaje podatak da se ADD javlja u većem procentu kod ljudi koji se bave hakom nego kod „običnih ljudi“ od kojih 3-5 % ima sindrom. AS je ređi i javlja se kod 0.4-0.5% ljudi koji se ne bave hakovanjem.

Cyberpunk

2008-10-10T19:18:00.013+02:00

Cyberpunk se definiše kao žanr naučne fantastike koji se fokusira na kompjutere i informacione tehnologije, obično povezanim sa nekim stepenom sloma u društvenom sistemu. Motivi na kojima se bazira cyberpunk jesu sukobi između hakera, veštačka inteligencija, megakorporacije koje žele da kontrolišu planetu u budućnosti i svuda se oseća pesimizam. Krajem 1980tih filmovi i kompjuterske igrice imali su osobine cybrepunka, a od 1990te godine taj uticaj prelazi na trendove u modi i muzici.

Specifični pripadnici cyberpunk potkulture su, prema Hakerskoj enciklopediji, hakeri, phreakeri, cyberpunkeri i raveri. Gareth Branwynova definicija cyberpunk sveta izgleda ovako:

1. Nije bilo nuklearnog Armagedona. Novo bojno polje postaje ljudski um
2. Vlada se pomoću megapolicajaca.
3. Amerika je ekonomski najjača, ali u oskudici.
4. Svet se raspao na milion potkultura sa zasebnim načnom života i jezikom.
5. Bolji život se obezbeđuje hemijskim putem.
6. Male grupe i individalci su sposobni da preuzmu upravljanje nad vladama i korporacijama.
7. Sjedinjavanje kompjuterske kulture ogleda se u kompjuterskoj muzici, umetnosti, virtuelnoj komunikaciji i hakerskoj potkulturi. Ljudi se ne stide da kažu koliko važnu ulogu imaju kompjuteri u njihovim životima.
8. Ljudi postaju kiborzi. Tehnika postaje sve manja, bliža ljudima da bi se na posletku stopila sa njima.

Neki od ovih stavova mogu se povezati sa postulatima hakerske etike Stevena Levyja o slobodi informacija, istraživanju granica, slobodnom pristupu računarima i svemu što nas može naučiti kao svet funkcioniše kao i decentralizaciji.

Neki od pojmova koji predstavljaju cyberpunk su:
FILM i TV: Blade Runner, War of the Worlds, The Matrix, anime, manga...
IGRICE: RPG igre (Shadowrun, Torg, OGL Cybernet...), Blade Runner, The Matrix, Deus Ex, System Shock, Fear Effects...
MUZIKA: Billy Idol, Sigue Sigue Sputnik, Giorgio Moroder...

Više o Cyberpunku možete pronaći na sajtu Wikipedije ovde.(engleski jezik)

1337 u svakodnevnoj komunikaciji

2008-10-09T15:17:00.008+02:00

Litspik je u svakodnevnu komunikaciju ušao prvenstveno preko video igrica. Najpopularnije "onlajn" igrice kao što su Counter Strike i Warcraft postale su pogodne platforma na kojoj se razvijao litspik kod onog sloja ljudi koji se nužno ne bavi razvojem tehnologije već je isključivo njen krajnji konzument.

Razvoj takozvanih viki-sistema (wiki systems), sajtova na kojima posetioci mogu menjati sadržaj, kao i blogova ohrabrio je korišćenje lita izvan hakerske i gejmerske populacije i omogućio njegovu mutaciju brzinom svetlosti. U viki sistemu, svaki inventivni pojedinac može izmisliti neku kovanicu koja će biti opšteprihvaćena u veoma kratkom vremenskom periodu. Tako litspik nastavlja da se razvija uporedo sa razvojem tehnologije svakodnevno dodajući u svoj vokabular nove reči, izraze i znakove.

Upotreba litspika koristi se i da bi se izbegli takozvani filteri za neželjenu automatizovanu poštu (spam filters). Ovi filteri funkcionišu tako što "čitaju" elektronsku poštu i na osnovu liste nepoželjnih reči dozvoljavaju ili odbacuju njen sadržaj. Tako se na kao neželjena automatska pošta (spam) tretiraju sadržaji koji u sebi imaju reči "porn". Korišćenjem litspika reč "porn" zamenjuje se sa "p0rn", "p()rn" ili "pr0n" tako da spam-pošta uprkos filterima ipak pronalazi put do elektronskog poštanskog sandučeta primaoca. Administratori sistema elektronske pošte bili su prinuđeni da u filtere ubace i ove reči na litspiku, ali je zbog njegove svakodnevne evolucije nemoguće napraviti jedinstvenu listu nepoželjnih reči u sadržaju elektronske pošte.

Munjeviti razvoj informacionih tehnologija krajem prošlog veka otvorio je vrata novih medija i novih komunikacija. Svakodnevni život preselio se i u "onlajn" dimenziju, ali u malo drugačijem obliku. Uticaj Interneta i kompjutera na sve sfere čovekovog života otvorio je mogućnost za razvoj specifičnih vrsta komunikacija, a litspik je jedan od tih načina koji je tek u začetku. Nekadašnja nametnuta ideja Esperanta kao univerzalnog sredstva sporazumevanja među ljudima nije naišla na plodno tlo, ali je zato komunikacija koja se u početku koristila samo unutar određenih kulturnih grupa polako počela da probija sopstvene granice i da se ukotvljava kao svakodnevna komunikacija.

Litspik je kao način izražavanja još uvek u povoju. Njegove granice se za sada ne vide, prvenstveno jer su njegovi kreatori pripadnici čitavog čovečanstva, a ne samo profesionalci u oblasti nauke i tehnologije. Jedino je izvesno da će se litspik razvijati uporedo sa tehnologijom i čitavim drušvom istovremeno oblikujući to društvo na sebi svojstven način.

Iako izvorni litspik ima korene u engleskom jeziku jer je nastao na engleskom govornom području, svojom otvorenošću i fleksibilnošću ušao je i u ostale jezike spajajući tako nekada nepremostive jezičke barijere među ljudima.

1337 - translatori

2008-10-09T15:13:00.009+02:00

Brzim razvojem i ulaskom litspika u svet ljudi koji su obični korisnici računara pojavila se i potreba za "prevođenjem" običnog jezika u lit. U tu svrhu mogu da posluže mnogi programi za prevođenje, bilo da se nalaze na Internetu ili se mogu instalirati direktno u kompjuter.

Nekoliko online prevodilaca može se naći na sledećim adresama:

http://www.albinoblacksheep.com/text/leet.php
http://www.jayssite.com/stuff/l33t/l33t_translator.html
http://home.no.net/hellshl/main/translate.html
http://www.awayart.com/leet-translator.php
http://www.kfdev.com/development/javascript/leettrans.htm
http://www.julian-bez.de/hacker/

Svi oni rade po istom principu, u okviru onih fleksibilnih pravila koja važe za zamenu znakova u litspiku, pa se prevođenjem jedne iste rečenice u različitim programima dobijaju različiti prevodi na litspik.

Od programa koji se mogu instalirati u kompjuter izdvajaju se

Leet speak 1.3 http://www.softempire.com/leet-speak-downloads.html
Leetspeak generator http://ryanross.net/leet/
Dodatak za prevođenje za browser Opera http://widgets.opera.com/widget/6520
Leetspeak generator v 1.2 http://fileforum.betanews.com/detail/Leet_Speak_Generator/1118808506/1
1337 translator http://sourceforge.net/projects/l337-translator/

Na sajtu http://leetkey.mozdev.org/development.html nalazi se izvorni kod programa koji kada se instalira u kompjuter omogućava direktan unos karaktera na litspiku. Takođe, ukucavanjem Internet adrese neke stranice sa prefiksom

http://l33t.0pointer.de/?url=http://

omogućava pretragu Interneta na litu. Izvorni kod ove Internet stranice u sebi ima ugrađen "prevodilac" na litspik tako da svaki tekst na nekoj stranici automatski prevodi na hakerski jezik.

Ni Gugl nije ostao imun na 1337 pa je jednu svoju verziju odvojio za pretragu na litspiku: http://www.google.com/intl/xx-hacker/

Hackers encyclopedia

2008-10-09T15:12:00.006+02:00

_Paradise Lost_, book III, line 18

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
++++++++++Hacker's Encyclopedia++++++++
===========by Logik Bomb (FOA)========

---------------(1997- Revised Second Edition)--------
##################V2.5##################
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%

"[W]atch where you go once you have entered here, and to whom you turn! Do not be misled by that wide and easy passage!" And my Guide [said] to him: "That is not your concern;it is his fate to enter every door. This has been willed where what is willed must be, and is not yours to question. Say no more."
Dante Alighieri
_The Inferno_, 1321
Translated by John Ciardi

Acknowledgments
----------------------------
Dedicated to all those who disseminate information, forbidden or otherwise. Also, I should note that a few of these entries are taken from "A Complete List of Hacker Slang and Other Things," Version 1C, by Casual, Bloodwing and Crusader; this doc started out as an unofficial update. However, I've updated, altered, expanded, re-written and otherwise torn apart the original document, so I'd be surprised if you could find any vestiges of the original file left. I think the list is very informative; it came out in 1990, though, which makes it somewhat outdated. I also got a lot of information from the works listed in my bibliography, (it's at the end, after all the quotes) as well as many miscellaneous back issues of such e-zines as _Cheap Truth _, _40Hex_, the _LOD/H Technical Journals_ and _Phrack Magazine_; and print magazines such as _Internet Underground_, _Macworld_, _Mondo 2000_, _Newsweek_, _2600: The Hacker Quarterly_, _U.S. News & World Report_, _Time_, and _Wired_; in addition to various people I've consulted. My alpha testers were Einsteinium, Remorseless and Manual Override, and my only beta tester was Space Rogue of L0phT fame (who also helped me out with revisions to the second edition). I've also received input from Acid Phreak, Anton Chernoff, John Perry Barlow, Dead Lord, John Draper, The Mentor and Nightmare.
I've also gotten a lot of information on (non-cyber) punks and the surrounding subculture from Ronald DuPlanty II, who was in my fourth-period drama class when I was in ninth grade. Besides having the most piercings I've ever seen, writing a really cool monologue that was more cyberpunk than he ever considered, and being an all-around great guy, Ron also taught me more about Throbbing Gristle than _Cyberia_ ever came close to, indeed more than I ever wanted to know. I also got lots of information on the rave/drug scene from my cousin Sean Krueger.
Finally, thanks to Nine Inch Nails, Rage Against the Machine, and Iggy Pop, for giving me good background music while I was writing this.

Introduction
----------------------------
If anyone has any entries they want me to add, or a newer version of any of the etexts in my bibliography, please send it to me at logikbomb@hackers.com so that I can include changes in the 1998 edition. Don't change anything if you distribute this to other sites (and please do; I want this distributed all over the place); if you find any typos or errors I may have made, notify me and I will make the change in the next edition. I cannot make any guarantees as to the accuracy of any of these entries, but if you see a way I've screwed up, please tell me. All of my information is based on written material by journalists or other writers; I know that journalists are often very wrong. I also welcome new information; this document is supposed to be information relevant to "cyberpunks" for lack of a better word; specifically, science fiction, hacking, phreaking, cracking, virii and subculture info (I am using my own discretion as far as the latter; while I have chosen to enter such questionable material as information on goths and Zippies, I don't want this to turn into _Mondo 2000: A User's Guide to Being a Fashionpunk_.) I am not including information on basic Net culture, such as IRC acronyms and emoticons; this sort of thing is already covered in other files. Also, I'm a Mac user, and even though I have some Wintel and Unix knowledge and the rest is usually taken up by my testers, I may have some incorrect information, so I welcome corrections. Note: I am using aliases that were meant to fool law enforcement and were not meant as handles under the form Lastname, Firstname, but I am using handles, even those in the form of proper names (such as Emmanuel Goldstein), without putting the last name first. Handles that look like proper names are also indexed with last name first, but that just references to the other entry. (What, you want me to write LIGHTNING, KNIGHT and PHREAK, ACID? Doesn't really work, even though John Perry Barlow refers to "Mr. Phreak" and "Mr. Optik.") I can't believe I'm spending my time on this crap.
Oh, yeah, and so you know who I am and what my personal biases are, I'm Logik Bomb, pleased to meet you. I'm in high school, I own an Apple Power Macintosh 4400/200 (32/2) (as well as a 33.6 internal modem, a Zip drive and an internal twelve-speed CD-ROM drive), and I am a hacker (by definitions one, two, three and five in my entry). I have written for _Phrack Magazine_ (volume seven, issue forty-eight). I read a lot of cyberpunk fiction. I was a member of a fairly influential group called the Legion of the Apocalypse (LOA); I'm currently a member of a polymorphous group that changes it's name every three months or so, the current incarnation being F0ne phreaks Of America (FOA). My handle comes from the usually destructive program; however, I use the name more for an affinity for the imagery of the abolition of standard linear logic than interest in virii or similar programs; the "k" is in there in homage to Phiber Optik. (By the way, John Perry Barlow said I had a cool handle. So there.) Finally, I'm one of the very few hacker types in the entire world who knows how to spell. :)

SPECIAL NOTE: Perhaps I should take this as flattery, but it gets annoying. There are a lot of people now with "Logik" or "Logic" in their handles. There are even a few people who have taken the handle "Logik Bomb" other than me. There are also a number of people who use my handle and actually pretend to be me, which is a problem in some cases. So, for the record, I have used this handle since 1994, and to the very best of my exhaustive hacker knowledge, no one else had a handle even similar to that before I did. Accept no impostors.

----------------------------

ABENE, MARK- see PHIBER OPTIK

ACID PHREAK (1970-Present)- Handle of Elias Ladopoulos. Current "leader" of MOD. Could be reached until recently at ap@gti.net, though I think that account no longer exists. [Name comes from "phreak," as in phone phreak, and "acid," so that it is a pun on acid freak, as in someone who takes a lot of LSD. He doesn't take acid, though; he listens to acid house music.]

ACTS [Automated Coin Toll System]- Used in payphones to show that you have indeed put money in, so that you can make a call. Can be fooled by a Red Box.

THE ADMINISTRATION- One of the largest hack/phreak groups to ever exist. It also had a sister group called Team Hackers '86. Members included Adolf Hitler, Alpha Centauri, Author Unknown, British Bloke, Dark Priest, David Lightman 214, Dr. Pepper, Hewlett Hackard, Major Havoc, Mane Phrame, Mark Twain, Phoneline Phantom 1, Red Baron, Renegade Rebel, Sasha Kinski, The President and Walter Mitty.

_ADVENTURE_- An old Atari 2600 video game that Knight Lightning played when he was seven years old and discovered secret rooms. This led to an interest in finding secrets in computers. Interestingly, the secret room KL found (which contained the initials of a programmer) is often considered to be the first easter egg ever put in a commercial program.

AGENT STEAL (1961-Present)- Handle of Justin Tanner Peterson, alias Samuel Grossman, alias Eric Heinz. Hacker and Los Angeles club promotor who apparently worked for the FBI as a nark after being jailed for credit card fraud; gathered info on big guns like Mitnick and Poulsen for the Bureau. Went on the run for ten months before being apprehended in 1994. A number of interviews with Agent Steal appear in Jonathon Littman's _The Fugitive Game: Online with Kevin Mitnick_.

AGORAPHOBIA- An abnormal fear of open spaces (opposite of claustrophobia); extreme agoraphobes are confined to a small space such as their room indefinitely. (Among other things, the Finn in Gibson's Sprawl Series in agoraphobic.) [From Latin, combining the Greek "agora" (meaning "open space" and Latin "phobia," fear.]

AGRAJAG THE PROLONGED- Former member of the Hitchhikers and the Legion of Doom. He was also a programmer for old gaming machines. [Handle is from a character in _Life, the Universe and Everything_, the third book in the increasingly inaccurately named Hitchhiker's Trilogy by Douglas Adams. I believe the person using the handle has combined the names of the characters of Agrajag and Wowbanger the Infinitely Prolonged.]

AI [Artifical Intelligence]- see ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE

AL [Artificial Life]- see ARTIFICIAL LIFE

ALLIANCE- Former AT&T trademark referring to teleconferencing systems.

ALTAIR- The very first personal computer, introduced 1975. Really pathetic by our standards, but the first computer at all available to the common person. [From the name of a particularly bright star; I belive the designers got the name because the star was a destination in the Romulan neutral zone in the classic _Star Trek_ episode "Balance of Terror."]

ALT.2600- Usenet newsgroup concerned with hacking. From the magazine, _2600: The Hacker Quarterly_. There are a few variants: alt.2600.moderated, alt.2600.hackerz, alt.2600.phreakz and alt.2600hz. [In USENET form, "alt," for "alternative," and "2600," for the subgroup 2600.]

AMERICAN TELEPHONE AND TELEGRAPH- see AT&T

AMERICA ONLINE [AOL]- Very evil commercial online service that rose from the ashes of a BBS called QuantumLink in 1990, and the largest commercial service. They've had an enormous problem with hackers, and their solution is to try and stop the flow of programs they don't like and shut down any chat room involving hacking. A number of programs have been written to rip them off, most notably AOHell and AOL4Free.

ANAC [Automated Number Announcement Circuit]- A circuit which can be called that will tell you the number of the phone you are calling from. Obviously not useful when using your own phone, but helpful for beige boxing.

ANALOG- A way of representing information that uses a continuous range of values. Opposite of digital-- while a CD is digital, a tape is analog; while a computer is digital, an abacus is analog.

ANARCHY- (1) Total chaos and disorder.
(2) A time in a country, usually after a revolution, where there is no government, the most recent example probably being the current lack of government in Albania. This condition has never been prolonged for very long.
(3) The tenets of the political science of anarchism, the ultimate goal of which is the removal of any rule by anyone or anything; there are many schools of thought in anarchism, including anarcho-capitalism, communo-anarchism, anarcho-syndicalism and anarcho-nihilism. ("We're not a kingdom! We're an anarcho-syndicalist commune!" -_Monty Python and the Holy Grail_)
(4) [Anarchy file] A file (usually text) that details such actions as how to brew nitroglycerin and other destructive things; the name is most likely inspired by the venerable _Anarchist Cookbook_, which deals with explosives and makes reference to militant anarchism and anarcho-nihilism. [From Greek, "a," meaning nobody, and "-archy," meaning "rule." The "n" is in there because it's too hard to pronounce "aarchy."]

AOHELL- Most famous program for hacking America Online; first coded in 1994 and contains a full suite of utilities. AOL's attempts at shutting down its distribution haven't worked very well.

AOL [America Online]- see AMERICA ONLINE

APPLE COMPUTER, INCORPORATED- Very large computer corporation whose main product is the Macintosh and its associated system software, the Mac OS. Founded in 1976 by Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak (incidentally, former phone phreaks) and created the Apple IIe in 1979, which became the standard personal computer. In 1984, they released the Macintosh ("and you'll see why 1984 won't be like 1984"). While Apple is the second largest computer manufacturer in the world, the Mac OS continues to lose market share, currently down around five percent.

APPLEGATE, CHRISTINA- Former model and actress, notably on the television show _Married With Children_. Rumors were spread that Erik Bloodaxe dated her or went to high school with her (he says they aren't true), and her credit report was pulled by MOD.

AREA CODE- The prefix in a phone number, based on location, to add to the number of possible phone numbers. When two or more hackers have the same handle and it is in dispute as to who had it first or who deserves it, it is used to differentiate, or at least it was in the 1980s. (This is used in this file as well, as with the two Knightmares and Dr. Who.) You're billed a lot more when you call a telephone in a different area code, for reasons unclear to everyone but profiteering gluttons.

ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE [AI]- The part of a program which governs how "smart" a program is; how much it can accomplish without user commands. Also used to refer to system software that can reason like a human being. The best examples of this are the insane AIs in _Neuromancer_ and HAL 9000 in _2001: A Space Odyssey_.

ARTIFICIAL LIFE [AL]- Living programs or robots; viruses are primitive forms of artificial life. Maxis makes programs using relatively advanced artificial life (notably _SimLife_). The author/scientist Rudy Rucker deals with AL a lot. In theory, better programs could be developed if software was designed in a somewhat biological manner in a lot of different versions, and the versions "survived" based on which did their job the best until a very good, evolved program was left after "natural" selection.

THE ARTIST FORMERLY KNOWN AS PHIBER- see PHIBER OPTIK

ASCII ART- Art done in plain text. This is fairly difficult. Portraits of people done in ASCII art usually only work if the person has some major distinguishing characteristics; for instance, while my friend Einsteinium might come across fairly recognizable because he has long hair and glasses; I would not be at all distinguishable because I have contact lenses and fairly normal length hair, and my only really distinguishing feature is my red hair, which cannot be shown in ASCII because it can't support colors. [From American Standard Code for Information Interchange, the set of bits created in the 1980s to represent characters.]

AT&T [American Telephone and Telegraph]- Originally American Bell Telephone, the company that started the telephone. It was bought and, under the tutelage of another huge company, became a monopolous phone provider. The Microsoft of the Seventies and early Eighties. It was broken up by the justice department in 1982, which created lots of little baby RBOCS. In 1990 their phone network crashed temporarily, which got them into a lot of trouble, but since then they've been doing pretty well.

THE ATLANTA THREE- Urvile, Leftist and Prophet, members of the Atlanta chapter of LOD that were thrown in jail during the Hacker Crackdown of 1990 for events involving the theft of the E911 document.

AUTOMATED COIN TOLL SYSTEM- see ACTS

AVATAR- An icon which represents a user in a virtual reality/Internet setting, currently attempted with varying success. The term is adopted from Neal Stephenson; another word used for the same concept is Rudy Rucker's term "tuxedo." [First used from an Internet perspective in 1992 in _Snow Crash_, by Neal Stephenson, in one of those self-fulfilling SF prophecies. Stephenson got the name from the Hindu concept of avatars, which are the personification of various deities or entities.]

AXE- To reformat a disk or delete a file.

BABBAGE, [Professor] CHARLES- Professor of mathematics at Cambridge who designed the Analytical Engine, a huge, grinding, steam-driven machine to do mathematical calculations in the 1830s. _The Difference Engine_, by William Gibson and Bruce Sterling, takes place in an alternate 1855 where the Analytical Engine was advanced nearly as far as our personal computers.

BABY- (1) Any program that is less than full-blown. A baby word processor would be a program that does just the bare essentials. (Apple's SimpleText is a baby word processor.)
(2) A hardware device that is smaller than normal.

BANG- (1) To lose your temper, usually in a very violent manner. In the extreme, destruction of hardware may result. [From banging something, or hitting it; also from the onomotopeotic word for a loud noise.]
(2) Lots of exclamation points to add emphasis. Sometimes other weird characters are used as bangs. Also used to pronounce exclamation points; for instance, "Go to hell!!!!" would be pronounced "go to hell bang bang bang bang."

BANK- Cache memory; a section of memory not normally used that is utilized for high speed operations in certain programs. [From "databank;" I think this word has been replaced by the term "cache."]

BARLOW, JOHN PERRY- Grateful Dead lyricist from 1970 until the band broke up in 1995; ex-cattle rancher. Co-founder of the Electronic Frontier Foundation; civil libertarian, "cognitive dissident," buddy of a lot of members of MOD. (After that little misunderstanding with Phiber when Barlow called Phiber a punk and compared him to a skateboarder, and Phiber ILFed Barlow's TRW credit report. Good hack, that.) Also wrote the essay "Crime and Puzzlement," as well as a declaration of the independence of cyberspace and a _Time_ essay (notable for using the word "shit" for the first time in _Time_ without quotes around it. Barlow later said it felt like a revolutionary act.) Also, he's one of the few people I've met over the Net who I've also actually met in person, and the only real description I can give is that he looks exactly the way you'd think that he would knowing that he's a civil libertarian from Wyoming. Currently lecturer, EFF operative and contributing writer for _Wired_.

BASE- (1) Contraction for the word "database."
(2) In most programming languages, a pointer; a set of memory locations that point to the start of an array (another memory location). The pointer is the "base" from which the array starts.

BASIC [Beginner's All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code]- Not very powerful programming language for beginners. Used a lot in the Eighties. Currently, there is Visual Basic, which is a more powerful version of the same language.

BAUD [rate]- Obsolete measurement of the speed of a modem; sometimes erroneously used to refer to bits per second because at low rates they are equivalent. It really means "the number of signal events per second occuring on a communications channel." (That's what my modem's manual says.) [Named in honor of Emile Baudot, "telecommunications pioneer."]

BBS [Bulletin Board System]- A computer that is set up to act as a system where other people call in using phone lines to post messages; sometimes software is traded, and usually archives are kept of software on the board. The first board worthy of the name was Ward Christensen and Randy Suess's board in 1978.

BEDBUG- A virus type program that another programmer inserts into an existing program, with the intention of causing havoc. Usually not serious-- it is coded so the results look like a software bug, not a true virus. Sometimes makes copies of itself.

BEGINNER'S ALL-PURPOSE SYMBOLIC INSTRUCTION CODE- see BASIC

BELL, [Professor] ALEXANDER GRAHAM- The guy who invented the telephone in 1876. The man who created cyberspace, in its early, pathetic stage when no one thought it would be anything.

BELLSOUTH- Atlanta RBOC that was supposedly very easy to hack; some rumors claim they eventually spent two million dollars on security.

BERNIE S.- Handle of Edward "Ed" Cummings. Phreak put in an uncomfortable and unConstitutional imprisonment for possession of computer programs that "could be used for fraud" by the United States Secret Service. This essentially happened because Bernie had info on the USSS, including their names and pictures, that was an embarassment to the USSS despite its legality. 2600 posted his info on their web site to emphasize the fact that it was legal and harmless; he's since been released. Bernie S. can be emailed at bernies@2600.com.

BIG BLUE- Slang for IBM, from their blue logo.

BIG BROTHER (1)- Name for a police state government that spies on every aspect of a citizen's life and commandeers their very thoughts. The NSA's not so secret wish. [From the name of the non-existent leader of the evil state of Oceania in George Orwell's _1984_-- in the book, posters are placed almost everywhere with his face and the words "Big Brother is Watching You."]

BIG BROTHER (2)- The handle of a sysop who ran Varnet International BBS (c.1986 - c.1993), a long time favorite H/P/A BBS in area code 617 (Massachusetts).Currently sysops the L0phT BBS. Also a former member of Fargo 4A. (Submitted by Space Rogue)

BILLY IDOL- Stage name of William Broad, a punk singer who was a success in the 1970s and Eighties; former member of Generation X. Supposedly he used to be cool, but everything I've ever seen him do after Generation X was pretty lame. Jumped on the "cyber" bandwagon with his album _Cyberpunk_, which was a total failure as far as I can figure. You can reach him at idol@phantom.com.

BINARY DIGIT- see BIT

BIT [Binary Digit]- Contraction of binary digit. Smallest unit of measurement in cyberspace. A 1 or 0; representing on or off, true or false to a computer.

BITS PER SECOND- see BPS

THE BLACK BARON- Handle of Christopher Pile. British virus author who was sentenced to a jail term under the Computer Misuse Act for writing the viruses Pathogen and Queeg, which included an engine called SMEG. Also apparently a fan of the science fiction/comedy series _Red Dwarf_.

BLACK WIDOW- A Java applet capable of sinister acts including uploading files to the victim's hard drive and consuming RAM and CPU cycles.

_BLADE RUNNER_- 1982 movie directed by Ridley Scott that many cyberpunks just love to death. It has a great re-creation of Los Angeles in 2019 that William Gibson has said mirrors his vision of the Sprawl in _Neuromancer_; just about every film using a dystopian urban environment has been inspired at least in part by the one in _Blade Runner_. The plot concerns a former bounty hunter/cop that hunts replicants, androids designed for off-world colonies. A sequel was also written (_Blade Runner 2: The Edge of Human_ by K.W. Jeter, followed by the sequel to that, _Replicant Night_) recently (don't waste your money on it), and Ridley Scott says he is going to make a follow-up film tentatively titled _Metropolis_. [Loosely based on Phillip K. Dick's _Do Android's Dream of Electric Sheep_; title comes from the name of a totally unrelated William S. Burroughs novel about black market surgeons, which was itself based on a story by Alan E. Nourse.]

BLANKENSHIP, LOYD- see THE MENTOR

BLESSED FOLDER- Slang for the System Folder on Macintosh computers. Comes from the fact that everything is run by that folder, and you mess with at your own risk.

BLIND FAITH- see DREW, DALE

BLUE BOX- Infamous box that pretty much no longer works (though it still does in certain areas), but kicked ass in the 1960s, Seventies and Eighties. It is a device that plays a sound at a frequency of 2600 hertz, which allows a phreak to control a phone trunk and make free world-wide phone calls. (Entry modified with help from Space Rogue)

BOB HARDY- see EMMANUEL GOLDSTEIN

BOT- (1) A benevolent search bot such as an infobot or knowbot.
(2) A bot which hacks IRC, giving the user special abilities on a channel he is not authorized to have. Many servers will boot you if you attempt to use a bot. [Short for "robot."]

BOX- A hardware device that allows abnormal telephone operation, like free calls or anti-tracing, used by phreaks. The ultimate box is the rainbow box, which combines the blue box, red box, green box, and black box. There are also a lot of weird variant boxes. Boxes, though the most pure form of phreaking, are rarely used now because of the phone company's changes to stop it, both on purpose and as a serendipitious result of the digitization of the phone system.

BPS [Bits Per Second]- Measurement of the speed of a modem, based on the number of binary digits that can be transferred by the modem under ideal circumstances in one second. More frequently referred to as kbps (kilobits per second) because of the high speeds now available.

BRAND, STEWART- Editor of the _Whole Earth Catalog_ and contributing writer for _Wired_; one of the hippies that decided cyberspace was pretty cool. Described cyberpunk as "technology with an attitude."

BRIDGE- A hack into the phone company's PBX, often used so that many phreaks can talk in a huge conference. This was a much more common practice in the 1980s, when massive party lines were held, people occasionally dropping out to go to work or school and someone else taking their place.

BROAD, WILLIAM- see BILLY IDOL

BRUTE FORCE ATTACK- A classic hacking technique; guessing an exhaustive number of passwords to try and enter a system. This does not work as much anymore, because even idiot sysadmins don't use quite so simple passwords. It was very successful about ten years ago, though.

BRZEZINSKI, DIRK-OTTO- see DOB

BUG- A mistake in programming or hardware design that results in unfavorable results. Microsoft Word 6.0 was notorious for this. [Original origin unknown; the term has been used in design since the nineteenth century.]

BULLETIN BOARD SYSTEM [BBS]- see BBS

BUM- The act of rewriting a program or section of a program to run in a smaller memory area. May also mean changing the code to remove unused sections and try to improve running speed. [From an old MIT hacker term.]

BURKE [, Carter J.]- A total asshole who causes more trouble than he's worth. [From the name of a treacherous company man in the film _Aliens_.]

BURROUGHS, WILLIAM SEWARD (1914-1997)- Famous proto-cyberpunk writer. Author of _Junky_, _Queer_, _The Naked Lunch_, _The Soft Machine_, _Nova Express_, _The Wild Boys_, _The Ticket That Exploded_, and _The Blade Runner_. Burroughs began as one of the original Beat Generation writers, along with Jack Kerouac, Allen Ginsburg, Neal Cassady, Gregory Corso and Lawrence Ferlinghetti, and eventually outlived all of them, despite the fact that he was older and more obviously self-destructive then any of them. His novel _The Naked Lunch_ made him famous because it was involved in the last case of overt government censorship of books; name given by Jack Kerouac, written shortly after Burroughs accidentally killed his wife, and while he was addicted to heroin. Good reading. The book also may or may not have coined the term "heavy metal." Burroughs went on to be heavily involved in music, and has influenced or collaborated with artists as diverse as Patti Smith, Ministry, Kurt Cobain, R.E.M. and U2.

BYTE- A sequence of adjacent bits operated on as a unit by a computer. Very small unit of virtual measurement. On most personal computers, a byte is made up of eight bits; however, on the Internet, a byte is transferred as seven bits, which can fuck everything up. [Comes from an alteration and blend of the words bit, a binary digit, and bite, meaning to grab something with one's teeth; I have no idea why computer guys decided to blend those words.]

CAFFEINE- Natural "smart drug;" enough of it makes you hyperactive. Present in chocolate, soft drinks and coffee. A gateway drug.

CALEA [Communications Assistance for Law Enforcement Act]- Bill which concerns the development of a government wiretapping infrastracture; notably bans possession of "hardware or software used for altering or modifying telecommunications instruments to obtain unauthorized access to telecommunications services;" used to prosecute Bernie S. This legislation also makes most of the people reading this document criminals, as most of us have a modem or even (gasp) a cracking program of some sort. Yeah, right, like most of us hackers aren't criminals anyway, this just gives them license to lock us up for no provable reason. I wonder if CALEA is what they got Joseph K. on in _The Trial_ . . .

CANDYMAN- Archiver of forbidden information; administrator of CandyLand (was, rather; it was recently shut down). Computer science student. His stuff is often cited by Congress and the like as examples of why we should make the Net a police state.

CAP'N CRUNCH- see DRAPER, JOHN

CAPTAIN BEYOND- see SHADOWHAWK 1

CAPTAIN MIDNIGHT- A Dallas, Texas hacker who, in 1986, cracked an HBO presentation of _The Falcon and the Snowman_ with a message decrying HBO's practice of encrypting transmissions so that they could not be picked up with a satellite dish. According to an unsubstantiated report, he later used this to ask his girlfriend to marry him, and was eventually caught. [Probably from the 1930s radio show character.]

CARBON [or carbon dioxide] CHIP- The 80486 or 65C02 CPU chip. The "carbon" comes from the "C," as in "CO2," (one carbon molecule, two oxygen molecules) which is the chemical formula for carbon dioxide.

CARDING- Using illicit credit card numbers. The underground is divided as far as the ethics of this; most think it is common thievery and does not follow the freedom of information ethic that drives other hacking.

CASE [, Henry Dorsett]- Anti-hero of _Neuromancer_, the William Gibson SF book; one of his few characters that only appeared in one book. Adopted as a hero by some and an allegory for the hacker; a ueberhacker who stole from his employees, has his nerves damaged so that he can not go back to cyberspace, but takes a deal with an AI to get them fixed.

CASE, THOMAS- see MITNICK, KEVIN DAVID

CCC [Chaos Computer Club]- see CHAOS COMPUTER CLUB [CCC]

CCIS [Common Channel Interoffice Signalling]- Fairly new form of trunk for high-volume phone lines; a direct connect line to an ESS switch, usually at about 1.2 kbps. Blue boxes do not work on CCIS.

CDA [Communications Decency Act]- see COMMUNICATIONS DECENCY ACT [CDA]

cDc [cult of the Dead cow]- see THE CULT OF THE DEAD COW [cDc]

CELINE, HAGBARD- see HAGBARD CELINE

CERT [Computer Emergency Response Team]- see COMPUTER EMERGENCY RESPONSE TEAM

CFP [Computers, Freedom and Privacy conference]- see COMPUTERS, FREEDOM AND PRIVACY CONFERENCE

CHAOS COMPUTER CLUB [CCC]- Infamous West German hacking group founded in 1984 that is now trying to be kind of sort of legit. Members have included Wau Holland (leader), Steffen Wernery, Christian Wolf, Pengo, Obelix, Dob, Zombie and Hagbard Celine. Can be reached at ccc@ccc.de.

CHASIN, SCOTT- see DOC HOLLIDAY

CHERNOFF, ANTON- see MITNICK, KEVIN DAVID

CHICAGO COMPUTER FRAUD AND ABUSE TASK FORCE- Possibly the first hacker tracker team, formed in 1987 by William J. Cook. A major part of the Hacker Crackdown of 1990.

CHIP- Shorthand for microprocessor. The hardware that runs the machine. The PowerPC and the Pentium are examples of chips.

CHRP [Common Hardware Reference Platform]- Temporarily known as PowerPC Microprocessor Common Reference Platform, or PPCP (for "PowerPC Platform.") Initiative by Apple, IBM, and Motorola that was supposedly finalised in 1995 but mired in problems; the idea is/was a new type of hardware that would run virtually all powerful OS's and be the next generation of hardware. This initiative has taken a very long time and has been altered and changed in scope. It was originally meant to run Mac OS, OS/2, Windows NT, and Unix (IBM's AIX flavor), but has since been changed to BeOS, Mac OS and all forms of Unix. Supposedly, CHRP systems will become available Fall 1997 from such vendors as Motorola, Power Computing, Tatung RISC Systems and UMAX. (Often referred to as "the Power Computer" in semi-lucid rants in 1994 issues of Phrack Magazine.)

CLASS TEN TOOLS- Really nasty programs that can thouroughly trash a system-- if information war is coming, these would be the Stealth bombers and atom bombs. Tsutomu Shimomura built many of these, which is one of the reasons why the SDSC is such a huge target for hackers. [Term coined by Brosl Haslacher.]

CLINT EASTWOOD- see EMMANUEL GOLDSTEIN

CLIPPER CHIP- Encryption plan endorsed by the Clinton-Gore administration, begun in 1990 by the NSA, currently in its third incarnation (the current proposal is sometimes mockingly known as Clipper 3.1.1). The way it's supposed to work is that we stick this cool thing called the Clipper chip in every computer and fax machine and communications tool ever made, which would save us from commies and those evil hackers. Of course, our benevolent Big Brother the Government of the United States of America would keep the keys to these chips, so in case anyone did anything the government designated to be illegal (or someone did something a government employee wanted to find out), the government could look at all our files and every email we ever sent. Of course, the government would never abuse this, would it? Phillip Zimmermann created PGP 1.0 in response to this.

COCOT [Customer Owned Customer Operated Telephone]- A payphone which does not use ACTS, usually maintained at a restaurant or other private location.

C0DEZ D00DZ [sometimes K0DEZ D00DZ]- The phreak equivalent of a pirate. Someone who finds out phone codes and distributes them to the electronic underground. There is also a derogatory term, "c0dez kidz."

COGNITIVE DISSIDENTS- The name of a "chill," or bar where people hang out, in _Virtual Light_. John Perry Barlow and some other people have taken to calling themselves "cognitive dissidents," I believe inspired by _VL_. [The name is obviously a play on the phrase "cognitive dissonance."]

COMMODORE- A computer company which eventually bought Amiga; popular in the 1980s. People who used their computers were often berated by people with the superior (but still awful by today's standards) Apple IIe. However, according to _The Cyberpunk Handbook (The Real Cyberpunk Fakebook)_, Phiber Optik used a Commodore. That's sort of like turning stone to bread or feeding ten thousand people with one fish. [From the Naval wartime rank above a captain and below a rear admiral, I assume.]

COMMUNICATIONS ASSISTANCE FOR LAW ENFORCEMENT ACT [CALEA]- see CALEA [Communications Assistance for Law Enforcement Act]

COMMUNICATIONS DECENCY ACT [CDA]- A poorly written and fascist law passed as part of the Telecommunications Bill of 1996 making indecent speech and information illegal in cyberspace in the United States, which AOL, Microsoft and CompuServe (never thought I'd be on their side), as well as the EFF and ACLU and numerous other plaintiffs, recently overturned in the Supreme Court case ACLU et. al. v. Reno, 7-2. It sparked a day of protest on the Internet (Black Thursday), when many major sites draped their pages in black.

COMPUSERVE- Very old online service that is the second biggest in America; founded in 1979 and currently owned by H & R Block. It is very conspicuous because edresses are set up with annoying numbers like 76543.1700. They created an uproar when they banned many sexually explicit newsgroups because a German user said they violated Germany obscenity laws and threatened to sue. Its days are essentially numbered. [Name obviously comes from combination of "computer" and "serve."]

COMPUTER EMERGENCY RESPONSE TEAM [CERT]- Anti-hacking group which sets up security and tracks people; managed by Dain Gary. Reachable at cert@cert.org.

COMPUTER MISUSE ACT- British law on the books since 1990, among other things outlawing virus writing. The Black Baron was prosecuted with this law.

COMPUTER PROFESSIONALS FOR SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY [CPSR]- Group that is what it says it is; notable for vocal opposition to the "Star Wars" defense project on the grounds that it is putting too much trust in computers; and for filing suit with the US government in the 2600 case.

COMPUTER SYSTEM FOR MAINFRAME OPERATIONS [COSMOS]- see COSMOS [COmputer System for Mainframe OperationS]

COMPUTERS, FREEDOM AND PRIVACY CONFERENCE [CFP]- Annual security/privacy con; in 1994, the FBI arrested Brian Merrill, an innocent man, because it was also an alias of Kevin Mitnick, there.

COMPUTERVREDEBREUK- Dutch word for hackers; literally, computer peace disturbance. Kind of a cool word.

COMSEC [Computer Security]- Network security firm founded by the remnants of LOD; went out of business in 1994. Replaced by the ISP LOD Communications, Inc.

CON- A convention; in this context, a hacker convention. Begun in the mid-1980s by such groups as LOD. Recent, high-profile Cons included Hacking at the End of the Universe and HOPE, and most recently, Beyond HOPE. Notable annual cons also include SummerCon and HoHoCon.

THE CONDOR- see MITNICK, KEVIN DAVID

"THE CONSCIENCE OF A HACKER"- A legendary manifesto written by the Mentor shortly after his arrest in 1986, published in _Phrack Inc._ magazine, volume one, issue seven. It was later reprinted in _Phrack_ again and in _Teleconnect Magazine_, _The Hacker Crackdown_, _Mondo 2000: A User's Guide to the New Edge_, the film _Hackers_, T-shirts worn at Cons, and numerous ftp sites, web pages and BBS's, as well as numerous other places.

CONSOLE COWBOY- A hacker. From SF novels. This term has remained relatively unmolested by the media.

CONTROL C- Infamous hacker and member of LOD who was busted by Michigan Bell and actually did get a security job from them. Also known as Phase Jitter, Master of Impact, Dual Capstan, Richo Sloppy, Cosmos Dumpster Driver, Poster Boy and Whacky Wally. Disciple of Bill From RNOC.

COOKBOOK- A detailed document on exactly what to do when hacking a certain type of system, written by piecing together computer manuals and personal experience. [From the type of book giving detailed instructions on cooking.]

COOPERATING FULLY- When hackers tell every illegal act and the names of all of their cohorts because they think it will save them. While this occasionally works, to many law enforcement officers, "cooperating fully" generally means you bend over.

CORLEY, ERIC- see EMMANUEL GOLDSTEIN

CORRUPT (1971-Present)- Handle of John Lee. Member of MOD; former member of a New York gang called the Decepticons. VAXEN expert. [Handle obviously comes from the adjective for being morally bankrupt.]

COSMOS [COmputer System for Mainframe OperationS]- Database program used by telcos to store information; staple of the elite phreaker; or at least it was.

COSMOS DUMPSTER DRIVER- see CONTROL C

COUNT ZERO- The handle of several hackers. I know of several; one who wrote an article for _Phrack_ about a lecture by John Markoff; one who said "Information yearns to be free" (quoted at Space Rogue's Whacked Mac Archives a while back, before he changed the quotes); the guy who defined k-rad as "a thousand points of rad" (quoted in _The Cyberpunk Handbook (The Real Cyberpunk Fakebook)_); the member of cDc; the member of Phalcon/Skism mentioned in some issues of _40Hex_; and the writer for _2600_. (Some of which may be the same person.) [All handles come from the name of the protagonist of William Gibson's second novel, also titled _Count Zero_, who also appeared in _Mona Lisa Overdrive_. The character is a cyberspace hacker with the handle Count Zero Interrupt, whose birth name is Bobby Newmark. According to the book, this comes from an old programmer term (probably related to the opening line about returning the marker to zero); however, I am not blessed with this knowledge. Wow, that's scary. Gibson knows something about computers that I don't.]

COWBOY- One of the legendary figures hackers tend to latch on to as role-models. Spawned the term "console cowboy." As a result, many hackers tend to give themselves gunfighter-type names (i.e. Datastream Cowboy, Doc Holliday).

CPSR [Computer Professionals for Social Responsibility]- see COMPUTER PROFESSIONALS FOR SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY

CRACK [sometimes "krack"]- (1) To remove the copy protection from a commercial program, so that the resultant program (or file) is "cracked." Also covers modifying any program illegally, such as when Netscape Navigator 2.0b4 was cracked when the expiration date was surgically removed a while back.
(2) To crack a password using a cracking program and a dictionary. Involves using crypt-and-compare; the program encrypts various words and compares the encrypted form of the words to the encrypted password. On UNIX the most commonly used crack program is Crack, on DOS it is CrackerJack, and on Mac it is MacKrak.

CRACKER- Term given to so-called "malicious" hackers by the original MIT hackers, hoping the media would leave the name "hacker" alone and not damage the original hackers' pristine, snow-white reputation. Never really got picked up, probably because it sounds a lot like a wheat consumable or a derogatory term for a white hick. While (I think, at least) this is a really lame word, it is occasionally used by those wishing to seem knowledgable. (Apologies to the editors of the alt.cyberpunk FAQ. No offense.) [Comes from "cracking" into systems.]

CRASHER- Someone who not only hacks systems, he crashes them. Not very widely used.

"CRIME AND PUZZLEMENT: THE LAW COMES TO THE ELECTRONIC FRONTIER"- Essay by John Perry Barlow about LOD and hackers and his relationship with Phiber Optik and Acid Phreak. Also touches on the Apple/NuPrometheus League debacle. [Name obviously inspired by Fyodor Dostoyevsky's _Crime and Punishment_.]

CRIMSON DEATH (1970-Present)- Also known as the Sorceror. Hacker/phreak who was editor of _Phrack_ for a short time. He was the sysop of Hell Phrozen Over, Missing Link, Skull Kingdom, the Forgotten Realm and CyberWaste, and a disciple of the Videosmith. He was also known for having a nose ring, back when that was really shocking and cool. [Handle comes from _Advanced Dungeons & Dragons Monster Manual II_.]

CRUNCH- (1) The act of using a program such as PKZip or StuffIt to compress another program into a smaller disk space.
(2) The act of re-writing sections of a program to run in a smaller memory space.

CRYP- Used by Rudy Rucker to refer to illegal hackers who do it for money or power in some of his science fiction. (Not derogatory; Rucker is one of the real scientist hackers who thankfully doesn't look down on us obnoxious punks.) [I'm not sure where this came from, but I'd guess it comes from "Crips," as in the violent street gang, in an amalgram with "cryp[t]," as in cryptography.]

_THE CUCKOO'S EGG: TRACKING A SPY THROUGH THE MAZE OF COMPUTER ESPIONAGE_- Novel by Clifford Stoll about his tracking down of renegade members of the Chaos Computer Club. Disliked by many in the electronic underground because of his constant black-or-white approach to computer ethics, painting hackers as totally evil. He is kind of a jerk that way, but it's a fairly interesting book. [The name comes from a type of program the first hacker that cracked Stoll's system used that lets the system give priveleges to it; named after the cuckoo bird, who lays eggs in other birds' nests and lets them raise them.]

THE CULT OF THE DEAD COW [cDc]- Anarchist occult goth hacker group that writes a lot of weird text files with a lot of profanity and ASCII art. Have their own USENET newsgroup dedicated to them- alt.fan.cult-dead-cow, as well as an irc channel, #cdc, and a web page, . Members have included Swamp Ratte (current leader), Count Zero, Deth Vegetable, The Nightstalker, Red Knight, Tweety Fish, Iskra and Mudge.

CUMMINGS, EDWARD [Ed]- see BERNIE S.

CYBER-CHRIST- see ERIK BLOODAXE

CYBERDECK- In cyberpunk fiction, notably Gibson (though I don't know where it appeared first; the term has also been used in the works of Rudy Rucker and cyberpunk role-playing games) the futuristic modem that allows characters to run through cyberspace. Though descriptions vary, it is usually described as being keyboard sized, and sometimes has a plug that inserts into the character's head (jacking in).

_CYBERIA: LIFE IN THE TRENCHS OF HYPERSPACE_- Novel by Douglas Rushkoff about ravers and hackers and stuff. It was berated by many in the electronic underground, and Erik Bloodaxe said "Imagine a book about drugs written by someone who's never inhaled. Imagine a book about raves written by someone saw a flyer once [sic]. Imagine a book about computers written by someone who thinks a mac is complex [...] and there you have Cyberia, by Douglas Rushkoff. This book should have been called 'Everything I Needed to Know About Cyber-Culture I Learned in Mondo-2000.'" Brutal, but accurate.

CYBERNETICS- The study of the feedback loop that informs any control system of the results of its actions; communication theory. Coined by Norbert Weiner of MIT in the 1940s when he was working on anti-aircraft guns. Often erroneously used now to refer to bionic parts. Supposedly (I got this from _The Hacker and the Ants_ by Rudy Rucker) it has meant "bullshit" from the beginning; Weiner was trying to think of what to call his paper, and a colleague suggested "cybernetics" because it didn't mean anything and would intimidate people. [From kybernetes, Greek for "helmsman."]

CYBERPUNK- 1) A literary term referring to a certain subgenre of science fiction. Specifically, the term often refers to the works of the so-called "Mirrorshades Group," particularly in the 1980s-- Bruce Sterling, William Gibson, Rudy Rucker, John Shirley, Tom Maddox, Pat Cadigan, Greg Bear, Lewis Shiner and others. Cyberpunk fiction is (or was, if you agree with Norman Sprinrad that cyberpunk is dead) concerned with a realistic (sometimes surrealistic), usually pessimistic future where technology is incredibly enhanced and humans are controlled by a System-- huge zaibatus or a fundamentalist religion. These are all generalizations; one cyberpunk novel took place in 1855. There hasn't really been a "classic" cyberpunk novel since 1987, with Gibson's _Mona Lisa Overdrive_; the most recent notable cyberpunk work was Neal Stephenson's really weird, theological technological comedy _Snow Crash_ in 1992, in addition to Gibson, Sterling, Shirley and Rucker's most recent offerings. [From Gardner Dozois, who coined the term to refer to science fiction while working at _Isaac Asimov's Science Fiction Magazine_, probably inspired by the title of a short story by Bruce Bethke, who has since proclaimed himself an "anti-cyberpunk," whatever the fuck that means.]
(2) A noun for a hacker. This was used just because the media thought it sounded like a good name for a computer criminal, though it is now used by hackers themselves, journalists and law enforcement officials.
(3) A member of the "cyberpunk social movement." Specific people thought to be part of the subculture are hackers, phreaks, cypherpunks and ravers. Gareth Branwyn's description of a cyberpunk worldview is as follows:
A. The future has imploded onto the present. There was no nuclear Armaggeddon. There's too much real estate to lose. The new battlefield is people's minds.
B. The megacorps _are_ the new governments.
C. The U.S. is a big bully with lackluster economic power.
D.The world is splintering into a trillion subcultures and designer cults with their own languages, codes and lifestyles.
E. Computer generated info-domains are the next frontiers.
F. There _is_ better living through chemistry.
G. Small groups or individual "console cowboys" can wield tremendous power over governments, corporations, etc.
H. The coalescence of a computer "culture" is expressed in self-aware computer music, art, virtual communities, and a hacker/street tech subculture. The computer nerd image is passe, and people are not ashamed anymore about the role the computer has in this subculture. The computer is a cool tool, a friend, important human augmentation.
I. We're becoming cyborgs. Our tech is getting smaller, closer to us, and it will soon merge with us.
J. Some attitudes that seem to be related [a number of which are inspired by Steven Levy's Hacker Ethic]:
Information wants to be free.
Access to computer and anything which may teach you something about how the world works should be unlimited and total.
Always yield to the hands-on imperative.
Mistrust Authority.
Promote Decentralization.
Do It Yourself.
Fight the Power.
Feed the noise back into the system.
Surf the Edges.

No one really calls themself a cyberpunk anymore, because it sounds stupid and invites people to spit on you like the trendy out-of-it loser you are.

_CYBERPUNK_ [2020]- The first cyberpunk role-playing game, created in 1989 by R. Talsorian Games. Originally called just _Cyberpunk_, but that had the possibility of violating copyrights, so the second edition was called _Cyberpunk version 2.0.2.0_, or _Cyberpunk 2020_. [From the literary and social movements described in detail in the rest of this document.]

CYBERPUNK BUST- Mocking term used in the science fiction community for the raid on Steve Jackson Games where _GURPS Cyberpunk_ was seized.

_CYBERPUNK: OUTLAWS AND HACKERS ON THE COMPUTER FRONTIER_- Novel by Katie Hafner and John Markoff about hackers, specifically, three case studies: Kevin Mitnick, Pengo and Robert Morris. Much better than I'd thought it would be.

_CYBERPUNK VERSION 2.0.2.0_- see _CYBERPUNK_ [2020]

CYBERSPACE- The Internet or a virtual reality system; often (and most correctly, in my opinion) to refer to all digital entities that can be entered, including the Internet and BBS's. Overused, but still kind of cool. Popularized by John Perry Barlow around 1990. [Invented by William Gibson in the short story "Burning Chrome;" from "cybernetic" (the science of communication and control theory) and "space" (you know what "space" is, I hope.) He got the idea from watching kids play video games.]

CYBERSPACE SERIES- see SPRAWL SERIES

CYBORG- A cybernetic organism; an android, or human with machine or computer parts. The term is also metaphorically used to refer to the modern state of technologically advanced mankind, which has figuratively if not literally fused with machinery. [From "cybernetic organism," a term coined by Manfred Clynes and Nathan Kline in 1960; actually a redundancy, because actually all organisms are by definition cybernetic, but we get the point.]

_CYBORGASM_- Really stupid CD. There are others like it, but this is the most popular. It is a recording of a bunch of people making sounds while having sex. In the words of a reviewer for _Mondo 2000_, in one of their more witty moments, "There is nothing cyber about this. It's a fucking CD. _Literally_."

CYPHERPUNK- Someone who thinks that encryption should be used by all, and advocates the removal of all laws restricting cryptographic technology. They are sometimes called crypto-anarchists, because their ideal of free encryption would likely destroy the effectiveness of government. [From "cyberpunk," as in a member of the electronic underground, and "cypher," a code made up of symbols.]

DAEMON9 (1973-Present)- Also known as Route and Infinity. Member of the Guild. One of the current co-editors of _Phrack Magazine_. Owner of Information Nexus (infonexus.com). Can be reached at route@infonexus.com.

DANCE- The art of typing very rapidly without errors.

DARDEN, FRANKLIN- see THE LEFTIST

DARK AVENGER- Bulgarian virus writer who has achieved cult hero status. His most famous virus is Eddie, AKA Dark Avenger (named after the author). He is a major heavy metal person, and many of his virii contain references to Iron Maiden.

DARK DANTE- see POULSEN, KEVIN LEE

DARK PHIBER [ninja.techwood.org]- Internet community grown out of a BBS created in 1991 by the White Ninja and Wild Child and shut down (temporarily) in 1994. Currently administered by Decius 6i5 and Musashi. [From a deliberate misspelling of "dark fiber," the term for fiber optic lines in place but not in use.]

DARK TANGENT- Handle of Jeffery Moss. Organizer of many hacker cons, including DefCon. Also occasionally writes for _Wired_.

DATACOPS- Any agency in charge of keeping information expensive. Notable datacops include the NSA, FBI and the Secret Service, as well as independant agencies such as CERT. [From "data," meaning information, and "cops," a slang term coming from the acronym "constable on patrol."]

DATASTREAM COWBOY- British hacker noted for hacking the Royal Air Force; he was tracked when the Air Force Office of Special Investigations (OSI) hacked the systems he was entering the RAF systems from. Currently the Phrack World News correspondent for _Phrack Magazine_.

DATA ENCRYPTION STANDARD [DES]- see DES [Data Encryption Standard]

DEAD ADDICT- Formerly known as Sugar Addict. Ex-phreaker, Def Con speaker, and Seattle resident. Currently known for his web page, Underground Propaganda .

DEAD LORD- Handle of Bruce Fancher. Also known as the Infiltrator, Executive Hacker [?] and Sharp Razor. Good friend of Lord Digital and co-administrator of MindVox; former member of the Chief Executive Officers and supposedly the Legion of Doom. Though many press reports say he was in LOD, as well as he himself in a Phrack pro-phile, he is not listed in the official lists distributed in _Phrack_ and _LOD/H TJ_, and a file in an early issue of _Phrack_ quotes a file he supposedly wrote which insults LOD. However, that was in a rag file, and I haven't read the file it refers to, so I'm unsure of the accuracy. Can be reached at bruce@phantom.com.

DEATH STAR- Term referring to AT&T. [From the post-breakup AT&T logo, which resembles the evil Death Star from _Star Wars_.]

DEMON DIALER- see WAR DIALER

DENNING, [Doctor] DOROTHY ELIZABETH [1945-Present]- Computer security academic and author of _Cryptography and Data Security_. In 1990, wrote a paper ("Concerning Hackers Who Break into Computers") which gained a fair amount of notoriety defending hackers and suggesting that they be worked with closely to understand their motives. She then went and spoke with some security professionals, and immediately changed her mind and decided hackers were evil after all, if not the ones she'd spoken to, then the vast majority. She became further villified by the Hacker Nation when she began supporting the Clipper initiative, which to this day she defends in the face of extreme criticism.

DE PAYNE, LEWIS- Alias Sam Holliday, also known as Roscoe, also known as Lewcifer. Phreaker buddy of Kevin Mitnick, interviewed in _Cyberpunk_. Can be reached at lewiz@netcom.com.

DES [Data Encryption Standard]- The current encryption used by the United States Government, designed by IBM and the NSA. Becoming more and more obsolete, and has numerous security weaknesses, possibly designed by the NSA for their own use.

THE DESTROYER- see REDRAGON

DETH VEGETABLE [sometimes shortened as Deth Veggie]- Handle of Eric Skoog. Member of the Cult of the Dead Cow. Wrote a number of anarchy files when he was 15. Interviewed by the television news program _Dateline NBC_ in 1995.

DETH VEGGIE- see DETH VEGETABLE

DeWITT, PHILIP-ELMER- Writer for _TIME_ magazine who writes virtually all of their stories about computers. Wrote cover stories on cyberpunks, cyberspace, and cyberporn. Actually, I don't recall him writing about anything that didn't have the prefix "cyber." Also occasionally works as a correspondent for the _MacNeil-Lehrer Newshour_.

DIALED NUMBER RECORDER [DNR]- see DNR [Dialed Number Recorder]

DICE- To separate a program into two or more files to allow loading under the OS. [From cooking slang, meaning to chop.]

DiCOCCO, LEONARD MITCHELL (1965-Present)- Ex-friend of Kevin Mitnick, eventually narked him to the FBI. Former employee of Voluntary Plan Administers (VPA).

THE DICTATOR- see DREW, DALE

_DIE HARD 2_ [Die Harder]- 1990 Bruce Willlis action movie that included hacker/terrorists taking over an airport. Notable because Congress held a hearing on it and its possible realism, just as they did almost ten years prior for _WarGames_.

_DIET PHRACK_- see _PHRACK MAGAZINE_

DIGITAL ANARCHISTS- Group of British hackers notable for hacking the websites of several British politicians' sites, notably the Labour Party.

DISK OPERATING SYSTEM [DOS]- see DOS [Disk Operating System]

DIVERTING- Hacking corporate PBXs and dialing out of them for free.

DNR [Dialed Number Recorder]- Device that cops use to know who you call so they know who to question. Not to be confused with the TCP/IP component DNR, for Domain Name Resolver.

DOB (1960-Present)- Handle of Dirk-Otto Brzezinski. Former member of the Chaos Computer Club. One of the renegade members who hacked for the KGB.

DOC- Contraction for documentation or document. A file that contains information on how to use a program. Usually a plain text file, but may be in a specific, proprietary word processor format. Also the DOS suffix for a word processing file, usually Microsoft Word.

DOC HOLLIDAY- Handle of Scott Chasin. Former member of LOD and good friend of Erik Bloodaxe. [From the nickname of the dentist/gunfighter.]

DOCTOR CRASH- Minor figure in the underground who notably wrote "The Techno-Revolution," a manifesto that appeared in _Phrack Inc._ volume one, issue six, that predated the Mentor's. It is differentiated by an even greater examination of political motives and justification of anarchy and carding.

DOCTOR DISK- see REDRAGON

DOCTOR WHO [413] (1967-Present)- Also known as Skinny Puppy and Saint Cloud. Former member of the Legion of Doom. Currently maintains the RadioPhone archives at Can be reached at drwho@l0pht.com. [From the character on the British 1970s TV show of the same name.]

DOS [Disk Operating System]- Usually used to refer to MS-DOS, or Microsoft Disk Operating System, which got to version 6.22 before Microsoft recently abandoned it in favor of Windows 95. Other DOS's exist or existed; besides the OS's that have long since gone away like Apple DOS and Commodore's DOS, there are the unofficial versions of MS-DOS, such as DOS 7.0 and DOS Shell.

DOWNLOAD- To transmit via modem a program or file from a BBS or network to a computer.

DR. CRASH- see DOCTOR CRASH

DR. DISK- see REDRAGON

DR. WHO- see DOCTOR WHO

DRAKE, FRANK- see FRANK DRAKE

DRAPER, JOHN- Birth name of Cap'n Crunch. Also known as the Pirate, also known as the Crunchmeister. One of the very early phreakers; got his handle because he once used a whistle that came with Cap'n Crunch cereal to hack the phone system. He currently writes custom Mac applications, but spends most of his time raving. Can be reached at crunch@well.com.

DREW, DALE- Also known as the Dictator and Blind Faith. Paid Secret Service informant who turned in Knight Lightning and videotaped "SummerCon '88," the hacker's conference, even though it turned out no illegal activity occurred. He has remained an unrepentant bastard.

DRUNKFUX- Organizer of HoHoCon and hacker. Member of an international rock band, and an alternate on the 1992(?) US Olympic Soccer team. (Entry modified by Space Rogue)

DUAL CAPSTAN- see CONTROL C

DUB- The act of making a backup copy of a program (or disk) in the event the original copy becomes unusable. [From sound and video editing slang.]

D00D- A person, a guy. "Dude" in warez speak. Not used as much as it once was.

E- see ECSTASY

THE EAVESDROPPER- see THE PROPHET

ECSTASY [AKA "X," among other names]- Drug that's very popular with ravers, somewhat like acid without the hallucinations, and often mixed with speed or other amphetamines. It was made illegal in 1987. However, "Herbal Ecstasy," an organic mixture with similar effects, is still legal. This is really the only drug I'm discussing in this document because drugs aren't really my thing and they aren't really part of the scope of this document. If you want to know about the various types of smart drugs and psychedelics and the like, I recommend _Mondo 2000: A User's Guide to the New Edge_, _Cyberia: Life in the Trenches of Hyperspace_, and numerous other somewhat trendy semi-cyber books. Or Timothy Leary's books, those are good. On the other hand, for a very good anti-drug argument, I recommend reading Burroughs' _The Naked Lunch_, particularly the afterword in which he analyzes all of the drugs available at that time and how dangerous they are. Personally, I'd recommend staying away from just about any drug mother nature didn't explicitly give us. Especially cocaine and heroin. Bad ideas. Even synthetic hallucinogens have some pretty nasty risks. [Technical name: MDMA- don't ask me what it stands for.]

EDDRESS- Email address. Eddresses are usually in the format username@domain.type.country.

EFF [Electronic Frontier Foundation]- see ELECTRONIC FRONTIER FOUNDATION [EFF]

EIGHT LEGGED GROOVE MACHINE [8lgm]- see 8lgm

8lgm- English hacker group that currently runs a security mailing list. Busted in 1994. It stands for alternately Eight Legged Groove Machine and Eight Little Green Men (the latter is unproven, but I've heard it used). The members were two hackers named Pad and Gandalf.

EIGHT LITTLE GREEN MEN [8lgm]- see 8lgm

ELECTRONIC FRONTIER FOUNDATION [EFF]- A civil liberties group created in response to the unConstitutional actions of the United States Secret Service during the Hacker Crackdown of 1990. They have a newsletter, the _EFFector_. Some of the more notable or influential members include Mitch Kapor, John Perry Barlow, Michael Godwin, John Gilmore (early employee of Sun), Steve Wozniak (co-founder of Apple) and Bruce Sterling.

THE ELECTRONIC PRIVACY INFORMATION CENTER [EPIC]- Net civil libertarian group who handled the 2600 case for the CPSR; also vocal opposition to the Clipper chip proposal.

THE ELECTRONIC UNDERGROUND- see THE UNDERGROUND

ELITE [or elyte or 3L33T or eleet or a million other spellings]- Adjective (over)used to describe the best hackers, because something has to separate the truly good ones from the mediocre ones.

EMMANUEL GOLDSTEIN (1961-Present)- Handle of Eric Corley. Also known as Howard Tripod, Sidney Schreiber, Bob Hardy, Gary Wilson, Clint Eastwood and 110. The editor-in-chief of and writer for _2600: The Hacker Quarterly_, host of the New York phreaking radio show "Off the Hook," and relentless advocate of the computer underground. Often shows up at meetings of computer companies just to unnerve people. In his honor, the film _Hackers_ had the character Cereal Killer's real name be "Emmanuel Goldstein." [Handle came from the name of the hated, probably non-existent rebel in Orwell's _1984_.]

ENCRYPTION- The practice of encoding data into an unreadable form, which can only be converted with the same code. Recently, Netscape Communications built fairly strong encryption into their browser, though security errors have been discovered several times. PGP is perhaps the most populous encryption type, using the DSA algorithm now (rather than the RSA.) RSA is still frequently used. DES is the government's choice, and while it's not like I could crack it in a weekend or anything, it's not as strong as the NSA would like.

ENGRESSIA, JOSEPH [Joe]- Blind phreak who could whistle the 2600 tone; eventually got a job at a Denver RBOC.

EPIC [Electronic Privacy Information Center]- see THE ELECTRONIC PRIVACY INFORMATION CENTER [EPIC]

E911 DOCUMENT [Official name: "Control Office Administration of Enhanced 911 Services for Special Services and Account Centers"]- Document written in 1988; liberated by the Prophet and contributed to _Phrack_. Originally written by Richard Helms and the Society of Inpenetrable Prose. Knight Lightning almost got sent to jail for it, seeing as how the telco valued it at over $72,000. (I'm sure Knight Lightning enjoyed himself flipping through his illicitly gained thousands of telco money...) The case was dropped when it was proven that the same info could be bought for about $13.

EPHEDRINE- Psychoactive drug sometimes used by ravers. Among other things, it is one of the ingredients in herbal Ecstasy, crank and so-called "Mormon tea" and (in obviously small dosages) non-prescription medicines like Nyquil.

ERIK BLOODAXE (1969-Present)- Handle of Chris Goggans. Also known as Cyber-Christ. Former member of the Legion of Doom and The Punk Mafia. Former editor of _Phrack Magazine_. Former employee of Dell Computers. When he took over _Phrack_, it gained more purpose and seemed to pull together more than it had since the departure of Knight Lightning and Taran King; he left after several issues because of lack of time and desire. He's also got a bad reputation as a nark. [Handle came from the name of a Viking king of Denmark in the 10th century; revealed to Goggans in a book entitled _Vikings_.]

EXON, [Senator] JAMES- Recently retired Democrat Senator who is obsessed with techno-indecency. Sponsored the CDA.

EXPERIAN- Known as TRW until late 1996 (they changed their name to get away from the negative PR surrounding their activities), Experian is an evil megacorporation that is favorite target of hackers, including MOD, in one of the more publicized incidents. It is a target in large part due to the fact that their job includes catologing the credit history of private citizens and selling it to other corporations; thus, both a tempting target for malicious hackers out to pull credit histories, and a target that most ethical hackers have no problem subverting. Supposedly sets up Tiger Teams for the government. Recently Experian offered the ability to view your credit report over the Net, though they swiftly removed that feature pending better security for obvious reasons.

EXTASYY ELITE- Short-lived phreak group destroyed when Poltergeist turned in everybody after he was busted for carding. Its membership included Bit Blitz, Cisban, Evil Priest, Crustaceo Mutoid, Kleptic Wizard, the Mentor (the only guy who went on to do anything with his life, hacking-wise), the Poltergeist and the Protestor.

FAKEMAIL- Mail intended to trick the recipient into believing that it was sent by a person other than the actual sender. Very, very easy.

FANCHER, BRUCE- see DEAD LORD

FARGO 4A- One of the earliest phreak groups, a sort of precursor to LOD. Membership included BIOC Agent 003, Tuc, Big Brother, Quasi-Moto, Video Warhead and the Wizard of ARPANET. [Name comes from a city in North Dakota they re-routed calls to; incidentally, the same town was used for the name of the 1996 drama _Fargo_, though most of the movie takes place in Minnesota and it has virtually nothing to do with the town, though it begins there.]

FARMER, DAN- Computer security expert notable for writing the infamous program SATAN. In 1997, he surveyed several hundred web sites and found them noticably lacking in security. He claimed sixty percent could be easily cracked.

FEDWORLD- The largest BBS in the world. Huge board with government info, operated by the United States government.

FERNANDEZ, JULIO- see OUTLAW

FEYD RAUTHA- see SHADOWHAWK 1

FIERY, DENNIS- see THE KNIGHTMARE

_FIREWALLS AND INTERNET SECURITY: REPELLING THE WILY HACKER_- Security book outlining Net security; haven't read it yet, but plan to buy it.

5ESS- The fifth-generation electronic switching station currently used by telcos.

FONE PHREAKS OF AMERICA (FOA)- A small group of which I am currently a member. Current members are Data Ferret, Logik Bomb, OmegaDeth and Rebel Logik. The group is a successor to a group I led called MH/Chaos, whose members included Logik Bomb, Data Ferret, Xohdis, OmegaDeth, Rebel Logik, Pure Logic and Access Denied. MH/Chaos was itself the result of a housecleaning of a previous group I led, the Laughing Skull Clan, whose members included Logik Bomb, Hyper Viper, the Loath, Omega-X, KoDiaK, visual trinity, Xohdis, Access Denied, Pure Logic, Kwantam Pozeetron, Rusky, Technics, Hack-and-Slay, Cpt. Nemo and Nemesis Enforcer. LSC was a lame attempt on my part to be a successor to the Legion of Apocalypse while it was temporarily retired, and now the group seems to be out of control, because every few months we fire half the members and start over. :)

_40HEX_- Virus zine that contained source code for many virii and interviews with prominent virus writers. It was mostly staffed by members of Phalcon/Skism, and was first edited by Hellraiser, then by DecimatoR, and then sort of by nobody. I believe the magazine has become defunct; the web page no longer exists. [I don't really know what the name comes from because I'm not particularly advanced in my virus knowledge; the "hex" part comes from hexadecimal (as in hex dump), which is base sixteen, but I don't know why the number "40" is there in particular.]

414 GANG [also known as "the 414s"]- Hacker group formed on the 414 Private BBS that gained notoriety in 1982 for intrusions on Los Alamos military bases and the Sloan-Kettering Memorial Institute. [The name comes from the area code of the BBS.]

FRACTAL- Supposedly a symbol for cyberpunk (though I don't buy it-- does cyberpunk have a symbol?). A part of chaos theory, proposed by mathematician Benoit Mandelbrot in the 1960s.

FRANK DRAKE- Handle of Steven G. Steinberg. Hacker and former correspondent for _Phrack_; also edited the short-lived e-zine _W.O.R.M._ Currently one of the section editors for _Wired_.

FREED, BARRY- see HOFFMAN, ABBIE

FRY GUY- Hacker, buddy of some guys in LOD, and Motley Crue (sorry, I can't make the umlaut in a plain text file) fan. Busted in 1989 by the universally despised Tim Foley. He was, however, a carder and he offered to testify against LOD, things that are not really exemplary. [Name comes from manipulations he did in the McDonald's computer system.]

GAME OVER- The end. Time to give up and try something else. [From a line by Private W. Hudson in the movie _Aliens_, which itself came from video games.]

GARFINKEL, SIMSON- Contributing writer to _Wired_ and editor of _Internet Underground_; author of articles on privacy and technology issues, as well as author of a book on PGP.

GARY WILSON- see EMMANUEL GOLDSTEIN

GATES, WILLIAM HENRY III "BILL" (1955-Present)- Chief Executive Officer of Microsoft. The richest man in America, at twenty billion dollars in stock value. Author of _The Road Ahead_. And, if you haven't heard yet, the ASCII values of the letters in his name add up to 666.

GIBSON, WILLIAM- Science fiction author and contributing writer for _Wired_ who invented the term "cyberspace." Author of the anthology _Burning Chrome_; the Sprawl Series (_Neuromancer_, _Count Zero_ and _Mona Lisa Overdrive_); one of the many scripts for what was then called _Alien III_; _Virtual Light_; and the screenplay for _Johnny Mnemonic_, based on his short story. He also co-wrote _The Difference Engine_ with Bruce Sterling. Ironically, he didn't own a computer until he wrote _Mona Lisa Overdrive_, he's not at all technical, and he's not online in any form. His most recent work is _Idoru_, which is a sequel of sorts to _Virtual Light_ and is about virtual entertainers.

GIGABYTE [abbreviated as "gig" or "Gb"]- Very large unit of measurement. Usually only used when referring to hard drive space. A gigabyte is one billion bytes, or roughly 1048.576 megabytes or 1.024 million kilobytes.

GLOBAL KOS [GkOS]- Possibly the most influential hacker group currently in operation, GkOS claims to be the only truly international group. Current members include Shadow Hunter, Spidey, That Guy, AcidAngel, glitched and Silicon Toad. Name is pronounced "global chaos."

GLOBAL OUTDIAL- see GOD

GOD [Global OutDial]- An Internet outdial (modem connected to the Internet you can call from) that allows long distance calls.

GODWIN, MICHAEL- Attourney for the Electronic Frontier Foundation; also writes articles on Net civil issues. Contributing writer for _Wired_. Can be emailed at mnemonic@eff.org, but I'd advise you to be very careful, because if you make this man mad, he will flame you mercilessly. Don't ask.

GOFFMAN, KEN- see R.U. SIRIUS

GOGGANS, CHRISTOPHER- see ERIK BLOODAXE

GOLDSTEIN, EMMANUEL- see EMMANUEL GOLDSTEIN

GOTH- Punk offshoot which is into vampyres and infinite sadness and wearing black. I suppose you could call me a goth (well, as much as you can be a goth when you have short red hair), because I have pale skin and wear black and own _The Crow_ and listen to the Cure. Goth started as a type of music pioneered by such groups as Siouxsie and the Banshees, the Sisters of Mercy and Bauhaus; current groups that are considered goth in varying degrees include Nine Inch Nails, Marilyn Manson, Ministry, the Jesus and Mary Chain, My Life With the Thrill Kill Kult and others. [Okay, take a deep breath- the name of the subculture came from the name of a punk offshoot music movement, which came from the Gothic books and movies (such as _Dracula_), which came from the name of the scary dark medeval architecture, which came from a derogatory name given to the Gothic architects comparing them to Goths, who were a tribe of barbarians.]

GRANT, ADAM- see URVILE

GREENE, [Judge] HAROLD- The judge who busted AT&T and is now in charge of telecommunications for the government.

GROSSMAN, SAMUEL- see AGENT STEAL

_GREY AREAS_- Hacker-oriented magazine whose topic is the "gray areas" of society, such as hackers and technology, underground music and bands, drugs, etc. Can be reached at greyareas@well.sf.ca.us, among other addresses.

HACK- (1) To change a program so that is does something the original programmer either didn't want it to do or didn't plan for it. Hacking a program is not neccessarily cracking, and vise versa.
(2) To code a program. "I hacked out version 1.0a1 last week."
(3) To break into a computer.
(4) To alter in a clever way the status quo.
(5) What you do; if you were a pilot, you could say "I hack planes." As far as I know, this was first used in 1994 by Bruce Sterling in _Heavy Weather_.

_THE HACKER CRACKDOWN_ [Law and Disorder on the Electronic Frontier]- Nonfiction novel by Bruce Sterling about the Hacker Crackdown of 1990. Posted to the Net in 1993 because of extensive legal maneuverings between Sterling and his publisher.

THE HACKER CRACKDOWN OF 1990- Name given to the massive crackdown, of which Operation Sundevil was a major part.

HACKER- There are about 20,000 definitions of a hacker floating around. These are some of the most common:
(1) Any computer user. It drives everyone else crazy when anyone refers to a novice user as a "hacker." (Am I the only one who cringed when, in _Jurassic Park_, that girl goes "We prefer to be called hackers"? Really, am I the only one?)
(2) A computer user who spends a lot of time on the system with an almost fetishistic approach. Usually refers to someone who knows a lot about computers, even if they are not a programmer.
(3) Any user of an online service, such as CompuServe, AOL or the Internet. That's another sort of annoying one, since just because some businessman goes on AOL to send email to grandma, that does not mean he is a hacker.
(4) A programmer.
(5) A computer user who uses his skills unlawfully in any matter, usually to "break into" another system through a network.
(6) A master programmer capable of things that seem "magical." [All of these are from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology's programmers in the 1960s, who called themselves "hackers," to refer to making a program better and more efficient, or making it do something it was not originally intended to do. The media overused this to an incredible extent, which added all the other definitions.]

THE HACKER ETHIC- Hacker code of morality that was originally formed by the MIT hackers in the late 1950s to the late 1960s and articulated by Steven Levy in his book _Hackers: Heroes of the Computer Revolution_. The creed is as follows:
1. Always yield the Hands-On Imperative! Access to computers-- and anything else which might teach you about the way the world works-- should be unlimited and total.
2. All information should be free.
3. Mistrust Authority-- Promote Decentralization.
4. Hackers should be judged by their hacking, not bogus criteria such as degrees, age, race, or position.
5. You can create art and beauty on a computer.
6. Computers can change your life for the better.
While many of the 1960s hackers claim that modern hackers have rejected this code, it has actually strongly influenced all hackers for the last thirty years.

_THE HACKER FILES_- Comic book limited series published by DC Comics in the early 1990s that gathered some press. It was well-researched and included characters based on Gail Thackeray and Robert Morris.

_HACKERS_- 1995 film about... well, hackers, directed by Iain Softley and written by Rafael Moreu. Response in the underground was mixed; many (possibly most) hated it and couldn't stand the many technical errors, while others liked it, even though it was incredibly unrealistic. (Let's face it, any movie that has someone get into a supercomputer with the password "GOD" and has UNIX apparently replaced by some sort of cyberspatial three dimensional GUI has some realism problems.) Also notable because "Jack Devlin," claiming to be an independant contractor from the ILF after "faking his death at the hands of Sandra Bullock" (see _The Net_) hacked MGM/UA's system and messed with the home page. MGM was pretty nice about it though, and even kept the page and linked it to the official page. Of course, it would have been pretty stupid and hypocritical of them to track down whoever did it and prosecute him. (While his original bravado-filled message has been widely spread on the Net, what is not so publicized is a second letter, which may have been made up to save face by the people who set up the page-- but I kind of doubt it-- apologizing and asking not to be prosecuted.) Also, Emmanuel Goldstein was one of the "hacking consultants," and Phiber Optik said that it was the most accurate movie Hollywood's made about hacking, which isn't very hard. Many members of MOD and ex-members of LOD were consulted for the original script, but most became upset with how the film actually turned out. If you want my opinion, which you probably don't, I thought it was okay despite the technical inaccuracy, because it was an entertaining movie with a cool soundtrack. I hope that the fact that it barely made back production costs shows studio executives not to try and find the next trend, make a movie on it and flaunt the small amount of knowledge they gained through research. (What was the deal with _Wipeout_, that video game? And, hmm... Gibson, what a sneaky reference! What in-joke could they possibly be making? And Da Vinci virus-- could that be a sly allusion to the infamous Michaelangelo virus?) The most ironic thing about the film is that at the end AT&T gets thanked.

_HACKERS: HEROES OF THE COMPUTER REVOLUTION_- Novel by Steven Levy about the original MIT hackers. Haven't read it yet.

HACKERS ON PLANET EARTH- see HOPE

HACKTIC- Famous hacker group based in Amsterdam; also publishes the magazine of the same name. Relased the "Demon Dialer," a rainbow box sold in kit form in 1992. Hacktic, or rather, the leader, Rop Gonggrijp, can be reached at rop@hacktic.nl.

HAFNER, KATHERINE M.- Co-author of _Cyberpunk_; technology journalist for _Newsweek_. Also wrote _Where Wizards Stay Up Late_, a history of the Internet. Can be reached at kmh@well.sf.ca.us.

HAGBARD CELINE (19 -1989)- Handle of Karl Koch, a German hacker and member of the Chaos Computer Club. Mentally unstable, in part due to his heavy use of drugs. Committed suicide (probably; murder has been suggested) by dousing himself in gasoline and setting himself on fire on the twenty-third of the month, fulfilling _The Illuminatus! Trilogy_'s quote that "All the great anarchists died on the 23rd day of some month or other," and the recurrence of the number 23. [Handle comes one of the characters in _The Illuminatus! Trilogy_ by Robert Shea and Robert Anton Wilson, a Discordian anarchist pirate; unlike most hackers who take handles from SF, Koch apparently believed he actually was the protagonist of the novel.]

HANDLE- A pseudonym or nom de guerre. [From "citizen band" (CB) radio, the short-lived fad in the late 1970s that was similar in someways to IRC on the Net.]

HAPPY HARDCORE- Handle of Nicholas Ryan, a Yale University student. As programmer of AOL4Free, Hardcore commited "computer fraud" throughout 1995 and released his program to the Net, and as a result was convicted by the Secret Service and the US Justice Department in early 1997. The Secret Service and InJustice Department have become corporate whores who prosecute anyone who threatens the interests of powerful companies like AOL-- in the words of AOL's "Integrity Assurance" vice president, this case is a "legal milestone."

HAQR, HAQUER, HAXOR- Variant spellings of "hacker." All of them are pronounced like "hacker."

HARDY, BOB- see EMMANUEL GOLDSTEIN

HEADLEY, SUSAN- see SUSAN THUNDER

HEINZ, ERIC- see AGENT STEAL

HESS, MARKUS (1962-Present)- Also known as "the Hamburg Hacker." Alias Matthias Speer. Hacked for the KGB and was eventually caught by Cliff Stoll. Currently a professional programmer.

HOFFMAN, ABBIE (19 -1989)- Alias Barry Freed. One of the first phreaks, legendary radical, and a Yippy who appeared to commit suicide in 1989. Supposedly had the largest FBI file ever. Best known as the author of the underground classic _Steal This Book_, about how poor hippy anarchists could survive off the fat of the system (my suggestion--enlist as an extra in _Hair_), as well as _Fuck the System_, _Revolution For the Hell of It_ and _Woodstock Nation_. Started the infamous _TAP_, or "Technical Assistance Program," in its original incarnation as _YIPL_, or "Youth International Party Line," along with fellow Yippy Al Bell.

HOLLAND- see THE NETHERLANDS

HOLLAND, WAU [full name: Hewart Holland-Moritz]- Founder of the Chaos Computer Club and German hacker.

HOLLAND-MORITZ, HEWART- see HOLLAND, WAU

HOLLIDAY, SAM- see DE PAYNE, LOUIS

HOPE [Hackers on Planet Earth]- Con held in 1996, sponsored by 2600.

HOWARD TRIPOD- see EMMANUEL GOLDSTEIN

IBM [International Business Machines, Incorporated]- Zaibatsu that at one time completely controlled computers; really fucked up when they licensed Microsoft to market DOS (which was, by the way, a product that was acquired by them from another company). Because DOS backfired on them, they created OS/2, which was largely ignored. Most recently they've allied with Apple (previously their bitter foe) and Motorola with the PowerPC chip and have regained some of their reputation in the hardware world with the IBM ThinkPad, one of the best laptops available.

IBM-PC- International Business Machines Personal Computer or compatible. Refers to one of the five gazillion machines that run Microsoft DOS or the variants; Microsoft Windows or Microsoft Windows for Workgroups; Microsoft Windows 95; LINUX or IBM's OS/2. Ninety percent of the marketplace is taken up by these machines. These systems include many basic types of machines, usually run on Intel's chips. The term IBM-PC is a misnomer because almost all are not actually made by IBM.

ICE [Intrusion Countermeasure Electronics]- Used in _Neuromancer_ and other novels (I don't know where first, but I know it was coined by Tom Maddox, who refuses to answer my emails as to where and how he first used it. Come on, Tom! :) But I digress) to be the graphical metaphor of computer security.

IDOL, BILLY- see BILLY IDOL

IL DUCE- see PHIBER OPTIK

ILF- Alternately the Internet Liberation Front, the Information Liberation Front, and Information Longs to be Free. Net "terrorist" group, possibly started as a joke. Rerouted Josh Quittner's message system and left a politically motivated message in 1994. (This incarnation probably included MOD or LOD members, because Quittner had just written a book on the MOD/LOD war) In 1995, one or more people claiming to be doing "independant contracting" for the ILF hacked MGM/UA's _Hackers_ home page. It is also used as sort of an international brotherhood; when confidential or proprietary information is released to the Net, the ILF sometimes gets the credit. There is also the network available at , which I recommend.

INDUSTRIAL- Techo's evil twin; style of music that has begun to go mainstream; considered cyberpunk or marginally so. Grew out of the late 1970s British punk scene with such bands as Cabaret Voltaire and Genesis P. Orridge's Throbbing Gristle; was later watered down and combined with other styles of music to be more palatable. Pigface, KMFDM, Skinny Puppy, Ministry and Nine Inch Nails are popular industrial bands. Gareth Brandwyn called it "the sounds our culture makes as it comes unglued."

INDUSTRIAL HACKING- Industrial espionage using hackers, sometimes freelancers, though mostly corporate employees. Appears in SF more than in real life, though it does occur.

INFOBAHN- see INFORMATION SUPERHIGHWAY

INFORMATION LIBERATION FRONT- see ILF

INFORMATION LONGS TO BE FREE- see ILF

INFORMATION SUPERHIGHWAY [or Infobahn or several other cutesy phrases]- Pretty stupid metaphor for the Internet, popularized by (then) Senator Al Gore. And if I hear one more person refer to "roadkill on the Information Superhighway" I'm going to puke.

INTEGRATED SERVICES DIGITAL NETWORK [ISDN]- see ISDN

INTEGRATED SPECIAL SERVICES NETWORK [ISSN]- see ISSN

INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS MACHINES, INCORPORATED [IBM]- see IBM [International Business Machines, Incorporated]

INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS MACHINES PERSONAL COMPUTER [IBM-PC]- see IBM-PC

INTERNET LIBERATION FRONT [ILF]- see ILF

INTERNET PROTOCOL [IP]- see TCP/IP

INTERNET SERVICE PROVIDER [ISP]- see ISP

INTERNET WORM- The tapeworm created by Robert Morris in 1988, inspired by Brunner's _The Shockwave Rider_, that replicated out of control due to bad programming and took down a lot of computers. News stories persisted in calling it a "virus," which pissed everyone off.

INTERZONE- A cultural area where "the street finds its own uses for things;" from the hallucinogenic hell which appears in William S. Burroughs' _Naked Lunch_. Also the title of an excellent British SF magazine.

INTRUSION COUNTERMEASURE ELECTRONICS [ICE]- see ICE [Intrusion Countermeasure Electronics]

ISDN [Integrated Services Digital Network]- Technology to completely digitize the phone service that was abandoned after much work (it began in the early 1980s) in the early 1990s because it was too expensive. It is currently used for high-speed Internet access, slower than T1 but faster than a modem. It is widely used by phone networks in some areas, but it still costs a shitload here in Utah.

ISP [Internet Service Provider]- The local networks most normal people have to dial into to reach the Internet; ISPs, in turn, make deals with such Internet backbone owners as MCI in order to connect to the Internet.

ISSN [Integrated Special Services Network]- In a phone system (notably AT&T), controls special user features and customer control options. Not to be confused with ISSN, the serial number used by the Library of Congress used to register magazines.

JAYAWARDENE, JANAKA- Sri Lankan immigrant who helped catch the Phantom Dialer.

JAPAN [Nippon]- Country code ".ja;" East Asian nation, population 125.2 million, which is the subject of many cyberpunk novels due to an odd history and its high technology. Pursued a highly hierarchal samurai society until the mid-1800s, yet retained a strong Imperial culture until 1945, when they were totally defeated in the Second World War. Now an extremely successful producer of consumer goods, particularly electronics. (This doesn't have too much to do with hacking, but Japan is a notable country from an electronics standpoint, as well as the fact that much of SF currently involves Japan, and its preponderance of zaibatsus.)

JOHNSON, ROBERT- see THE PROPHET

JOLT [Cola]- Soft drink famous for having twice the caffeine of any other major soft drink (still less per pound than coffee, though), invented and distributed by the Jolt Company, Inc. By the way, did you know you can type on average five words a minute faster than normal if you drink two bottles of MegaJolt in succession?

JSZ- Collaborator with Phantom Dialer. Supposedly created the first packet sniffer.

JUDGE DREDD- British comic book character currently published by DC that has some cyberpunk concepts; it's about a semi-fascist anti-hero in the 23rd century. Sylvester Stallone made a flop movie from it that the sets and special effects were cool, but not much else. There was a hacker in the early 1990s with this handle, as well as another one (who may be the same guy) who was a member of the 2300 Club.

KRACK- see CRACK

K-RAD- ("A thousand points of rad" -one of the Count Zeros) Extremely cool; very rad. [From one thousand times- "k," standing for kilo-; and "rad"- short for "radical," skateboarder-type slang term in the 1980s meaning cool.]

KAPOR, MITCHELL- Co-founder of the EFF. Ex-hippy, founder of Lotus, and original programmer of Lotus 1-2-3.

KARL MARX- Handle of James Salsman. Phreak and ex-member of the Legion of Doom and the Farmers of Doom. Former sysop of Farmers of Doom BBS. [Handle came from a mention in the comic strip "Bloom County" about Communists, which was itself obviously a reference to the German nineteenth century historian and economist who originated socialism and communism in the seminal work _Das Kapital_.]

KILL- The act of deleting a file or stopping a program while it is running.

KILOBYTE [abbreviated as Kb or K]- Small unit of measurement, usually used for measuring small programs and cache memory. Contrary to what the word would imply, a kilobyte is 1024 bytes.

KING BLOTTO- Former member of the Legion of Doom and the 2300 Club. Phreak who invented several variant boxes, and the hoax Blotto Box.

KINGDOM OF THE NETHERLANDS- see THE NETHERLANDS

KINGPIN- Member of the L0phT. Former member of Renegade Legion and Restricted Data Transmisions (RDT). Also writes for _2600_ and is a hardware and electronics expert. Can be reached at kingpin@l0pht.com

KNIGHT LIGHTING- Handle of Craig Neidorf. Former member of the 2600 Club. Co-founder of _Phrack Magazine_. He was put on trial during the Hacker Crackdown of 1990 for publishing the E911 document in _Phrack_, a document stolen in a hacker raid. When the Electronic Frontier Foundation got the case dropped, he decided he wanted to become a lawyer. He is now working for the EFF and as a writer for _2600_. (According to Lightning, handle came from a combination of the Legion of Super-Heroes comic book character "Lightning Lad" and the character "Michael Knight" from the lame television show _Knight Rider_.)

THE KNIGHTMARE- Handle of Dennis Fiery. Author of a book on computer security entitled _Secrets of a Super Hacker_, and sometimes writes for _2600_. I haven't read his book. Not to be confused with the Arizona hacker.

KNIGHTMARE [602]- Arizona hacker and sysop of the Black Ice Private BBS who was one of the first to be busted in the Hacker Crackdown.

KROUPA, PATRICK K.- see LORD DIGITAL

LADOPOULOS, ELIAS- see ACID PHREAK

LAMER- A jerk idiot loser. That pretty much sums it up. [From "lame," weak.]

LASS [Local Area Signalling Services]- Special numbers, preceded by a *, which allow special operations such, which usually cost a small amount of money. Includes such services as trace (*57), callback (*69) and caller ID disable (*70).

L.A. SYNDROME - Lamer behavior. Means the person doesn't support the group. Usually associated with BBS's and posting thereupon. [From a user named the L.A. Raider and his activities on several Ohio boards.]

THE LAUGHING SKULL CLAN- see F0NE PHREAKS OF AMERICA

LAW ENFORCEMENT ACCESS FIELD [LEAF]- see LEAF [Law Enforcement Access Field]

LEACH- Someone who copies a large amount of software and doesn't return the favor. [From "leach," the disgusting creature that sucks your blood.]

LEAF [Law Enforcement Access Field]- Major part of the encryption in Clipper. A scrambled group of numbers including the chip's serial number, a session key number and a checksum number; allows government agencies to bypass Clipper encryption.

LEARY, TIMOTHY (1920-1996)- Ex-Harvard professor and West Point graduate who turned hippy in the 1960s and encouraged students to "turn on, tune in, drop out." Popularized LSD, and was eventually imprisoned for almost ten years for marijuana possession. He became a cyberpunk about fifteen years after his dropping out, and his new sound bite became "the PC is the LSD of the 1980's." (He later updated that to the 1990s when he discovered that computers now make the Apple IIes, 386s, Mac Pluses and Commodores of the 1980s look like abacuses.) He also became one of the editors of _Mondo 2000_. In 1992, he discovered that he had prostate cancer. Being the weird guy that he was, he thought this was great news because he was going to die; after toying with the idea of somehow killing himself over the Internet and coming up with elaborate suicide plans, he succumbed to cancer on May 30, 1996.

LEE, JOHN- see CORRUPT

THE LEFTIST- Handle of Franklin Darden, one of the Atlanta Three and member of the Legion of Doom. Current whereabouts unknown. [Name comes from the term for one of a liberal/communist/socialist persuasion.]

THE LEGION OF DOOM [LOD] [Full name: "The Fraternal Order of the Legion of Doom (Lambda Omega Delta)"]- Legendary hacking group that existed from 1984-1990, created on a board called PLOVERNET, founded by Lex Luthor, a former member of the Knights of Shadow. Also inspired the short-lived groups Farmers of Doom and Justice League of America. It subsumed the membership of a group called the Tribunal of Knowledge. Began as a phreaking group, and when it later gained more members who were more proficient with computers, it became LOD/H (Legion of Doom/Hackers). When many members dropped out, the "H" migrated from the name, but their newfound ability with computers stayed. Its official membership included, at various times: Lex Luthor, Karl Marx, Mark Tabas, Agrajag the Prolonged, King Blotto, Blue Archer, The Dragyn, Unknown Soldier, Sharp Razor, Doctor Who 413, Erik Bloodaxe, Sir Francis Drake, Paul Muad'Dib, Phucked Agent 04, X-Man, Randy Smith, Steve Dahl, The Warlock, Silver Spy, Terminal Man, Videosmith, Kerrang Khan, Gary Seven, Marauder, Bill from RNOC, The Leftist, Urvile, The Phantom Phreaker, Doom Prophet, Jester Sluggo, Carrier Culprit, Thomas Covenant, The Mentor, Control C, Prime Suspect, The Prophet, Professor Falken and Phiber Optik. Some members were busted by Operation Sundevil, others created a security firm called ComSec (which went bankrupt, and eventually was reincarnated as LOD Communications, Inc), and many just disappeared. Also, in the early 1990s, a "new" Legion of Doom was created, because since the group was defunct, logically anybody could use the name; it was, however, pretty much looked down upon and was eventually forcefully disbanded by members of the original LOD. (Doesn't that sound creepy? Like Mark Tabas and Erik Bloodaxe had them killed or something.) [The group's name came from the _Superfriends_ cartoon series (using characters from Superman/Justice League comic books), where the villains were the Legion of Doom.]

THE LEGION OF DOOM/HACKERS- see THE LEGION OF DOOM [LOD]

THE LEGION OF THE APOCALYPSE [LOA]- Florida-based hacker group of which I am a former member; created in 1995. Its current members are Revelation, Phreaked Out, Phreak Show, Phuck Phish and Fallout. Former members include Electric Jaguar, Hack Attack, Logik Bomb and Silicon Toad. No relation to the more infamous Legion of Doom.

LEVY, STEVEN- Writer and journalist; one of the original 1960s MIT hackers who is disdainful of us latter-day hackers. Author of _Hackers: Heroes of the Computer Revolution_, among other things. Currently a contributing writer for _Wired_ and _Newsweek_.

LEWCIFER- see DE PAYNE, LEWIS

LEX LUTHOR- Legendary hacker/pheaker and founder of LOD. [Handle came from the comic book villain who was Superman's arch-enemy; the hacker Lex got it from the 1979 movie version with Gene Hackman.]

LITTMAN, JONATHAN- Journalist and author of _The Fugitive Game: Online with Kevin Mitnick_, and another book about Kevin Poulsen, as well as a book called _Once Upon a Time in Computerland: The Amazing Billion-Dollar Tale of Bill Millard_. Can be reached at jlittman@well.sf.ca.us.

LOA- see THE LEGION OF THE APOCALYPSE [LOA]

LOCKED (1) When a computer system shuts down and stops operation, usually without the operator wanting it to happen.
(2) A protected program.
(3) A file that has been changed by the OS so that it cannot be changed or deleted; often very easy to unlock.
(4) A floppy disk which has been physically locked to prevent accidental alteration or to prevent stupid people from modifying the contents.

LOD- see THE LEGION OF DOOM [LOD]

LOD/H- see THE LEGION OF DOOM [LOD]

_LOD/H TECHNICAL JOURNALS_ [LOD/H TJ]- Hacking philes written by the Legion of Doom/Hackers, beginning in 1986. Four issues were made. The form and content owed something to what was then called _Phrack Inc._ [Name is a parody of _The AT&T Technical Journals_.]

LOD/H TJ- see _LOD/H TECHNICAL JOURNALS_ [LOD/H TJ]

LOGIC BOMB- A program that performs a certain action when certain conditions are met, such as deleting all files on Christmas eve, although it is not necessarily malevolent. Though it is not technically a virus, it is often grouped that way. There is some speculation that the turn of the millenium will set off tons of logic bombs that lie dormant in computers.

LOOMPANICS- Publishing company (in)famous for publishing such "questionable" information as bomb plans and guerrilla techniques; also published Knightmare's _Secrets of a Super Hacker_, though according to everyone I've heard from the subject, it's pretty worthless.

THE LONE GUNMEN- An group of three fictious hackers (Byers, Frohike and Langly) on _The X-Files_; first appeared in the episode "E.B.E" in 1994. Editors of a paranoid publication called _The Lone Gunmen_. An honorary Lone Gunman was a hacker named the Thinker who eventually got killed by the government because he uncovered information on the existence of extra-terrestrials. Apparently the government keeps its files on the existence of extra-terrestrials unencrypted on an Internet connected network. [Name comes from the oxymoronic flipside of the "lone gunman" theory in the Kennedy assassination, which is that Oswald acted alone.]

LOOPS- Phone numbers used by the telco for testing. Can be manipulated to make free calls, which are billed to the telco.

L0PHT- [L0pht Heavy Industries] A Boston-based group of hackers interested in free information distribution, finding alternatives to the Internet and testing the security of various products. Their web site houses the archives of the Whacked Mac Archives, Black Crawling Systems, Dr. Who's Radiophone, the Cult of the Dead Cow, and others. Current membership includes Mudge, Space Rogue, Brian Oblivion, Kingpin, Weld Pond, Tan, Stefan von Neumann and Megan A. Haquer. They can be reached at info@l0pht.com and maintain a web site at (Entry suggested by Space Rogue.)

LORD DIGITAL- Handle of Patrick K. Kroupa. Former member of the Apple Mafia, the Knights of Shadow and the Legion of Doom. (Like Dead Lord, he claims he was officially inducted in 1987, but he is not listed in any of the official lists.) Good friend of Dead Lord and co-administrator of MindVox. Can be reached at digital@phantom.com.

LSC [Laughing Skull Clan]- see F0NE PHREAKS OF AMERICA

MACINTOSH- A type of computer that currently takes up a little less than 10% of the marketplace. Sometimes called derogatorily "Macintrashes" or "Macintoys." First made by Apple in 1984, notable for its ease of use; successor to the failed Lisa, which was the successor to the Apple II. All Macintoshes run the Mac OS, which is currently in version 8.0 (however, some Macs can run Windows, DOS, MachTen and/or MkLinux). Apple licensed the MacOS in 1993 so that Mac clones can be made; they have not fully caught on yet, though Power Computing, UMAX and DayStar are doing fairly good business on them. All currently produced Macs run on the joint Apple-IBM-Motorola PowerPC chips.

MARKOFF, JOHN- Co-author of _Cyberpunk_ and _Takedown_. Ex-husband of Katie Hafner, technology journalist for _The New York Times_. Can be reached at markoff@nyt.com.

MARTIN LUTHER KING DAY CRASH- The huge crash when AT&T computers embarassingly went down on Martin Luther King Day due to a bug in UNIX System VII, though speculation existed that malicious hackers had done it.

MASTER OF IMPACT- see CONTROL C

MASTERS OF DECEPTION- see MOD

_MASTERS OF DECEPTION_ [The Gang That Ruled Cyberspace]- Novel by Josh Quittner and Michelle Slatella about the LOD/MOD feud. A portion was printed in _Wired_ and really pissed off a lot of people, most vocally Erik Bloodaxe. Not that badly written, but I wonder about the accuracy and who was interviewed on some of the details.

MASTERS OF DISASTER [MOD]- see MOD

_MAX HEADROOM_- Science fiction TV show that was cancelled after one season. The concept began when a British music video station wanted to use a computer-generated host, but some American network picked it up and made a TV show. Supposedly it was wonderful and great, but I've never seen it.

MDMA- see ECSTASY

MEAT- The physical body, the bag of flesh and mud and water to which we are constrained. Derogatory.

MEATSPACE- Real life, as opposed to cyberspace.

MEGABYTE [abbreviated as "meg" or Mb]- Fairly large unit of measurement, usually used for measuring RAM or large programs. One megabyte is roughly 1.049 million bytes or approximately 976.562 kilobytes.

MEGAHERTZ [MHz]- In computer terms, a measurement of the clock speed of a CPU. For example, the 486DX2 runs at 66 megahertz. It was known in hacker slang occasionally as "hurtz" or "warp," where a 90 megahertz computer would be called Warp 90. At the time of this writing, the fastest megahertz level personal computers widely had was 350 MHz.

MENTAL CANCER- see SHADOWHAWK 1

THE MENTOR- Handle of Loyd Blankenship. Also known as the Neuromancer. Elite hacker and former member of the Legion of Doom, the PhoneLine Phantoms, the Racketeers and Extasyy Elite. Writer of the legendary "Conscience of a Hacker." He also used to work for Steve Jackson Games, where he wrote _GURPS Cyberpunk_. He is currently a freelance game designer/electronic musician. Currently available at loyd@blankenship.com. [Handle is from the Grey Lensman series by E.E. "Doc" Smith.]

MERRILL, BRIAN- see MITNICK, KEVIN DAVID and COMPUTERS, FREEDOM AND PRIVACY CONFERENCE [CFP]

METAL COMMUNICATIONS- A short-lived but very large hack/phreak group (is there any other kind, besides LOD, MOD and L0pht?!) that created several underground BBSs and wrote many philes. Members included Cobalt 60, Crimson Pirate, Dr. Local, Red Pirate, Shadow Lord, Angel of Destiny, Apothecary, Byte, Byte Byter, Dark Wizard, Duke, Dutchman, the Man in Black, the Prophet, Pink Panther, Voice Over, the Radical Rocker, the White Knight and the Warlock Lord. It also had a smaller sister group called the Neon Knights.

MEXICAN FLAG- Red grenadine, white tequila and green creme-de-menthe. Multilayered, set on fire, and sucked through straws. A favorite of the Legion of Doom at parties before they broke up. [From the colors of the Mexican flag.]

MHZ- see MEGAHERTZ

MICHAELANGELO VIRUS- The much over-hyped virus that erased the hard drives of several computers, named for becoming active on the Renaissance artist Michaelangelo's birthday.

MICROSOFT- Software megacorporation, founded 1975 by Bill Gates and Paul Allen; writer of MS-DOS, Windows (3.x, 95, NT and CE), Office, Bookshelf, Encarta and about a zillion other programs, most of which are made for business. Possibly the most evil force on the planet. Also used by William Gibson, without permission, for the name of addictive chips that plug into character's heads in _Neuromancer_. [Name comes from "microcomputer" and "software."]

MINDVOX [mindvox.phantom.com]- Manhattan-based Net provider where a number of ex-LODers (and Billy Idol :( ) reside; has the domain name phantom.com. Motto: "Jack in, rock out, and feel your head." Administered by Dead Lord and Lord Digital.

MINOR THREAT (1972-Present)- Former member of Public Enemy (the hacker group, not the band). Co-programmer of ToneLoc (with Mucho Maas), which he began in 1990. Available at mthreat@paranoia.com. [Handle comes from the name of the early 1980s Washington DC Straight Edge punk band.]

MITNICK, KEVIN DAVID (1963-Present)- Birth name of the Condor. Also known as N6NHG, alias Anton Chernoff, alias Fred Weiner, alias Lee Nussbaum, alias Brian Merrill, alias David Stanfill, alias Thomas Case. (All previously mentioned aliases are actually the names of real people who Mitnick was impersonating for social engineering purposes, by the way, not just his inventions. Thanks to the real Anton Chernoff for pointing that out.) Former member of the Roscoe Gang. Teenage phreak who grew up and didn't quit. First arrested at age 17. Rumors claimed that he cracked NORAD (inspiring _WarGames_); generally disproven, though Markoff has been trying to resurrect it. Became famous, especially when in 1995 he went on a hacking rampage that included deleting an accounting file on the WELL, probably because of a typing error. Tsutomu Shimomura (and a number of datacops and John Markoff, who claims he was just an observer) eventually tracked him down after Mitnick hacked Shimomura's system. When he was caught he told Shimomura "I respect your skills." John Markoff and Tsutomu Shimomura just wrote their version of the events, which will serve as the screenplay for a movie by Miramax about it, entitled _Takedown: The Pursuit and Capture of Kevin Mitnick, America's Most Wanted Computer Outlaw-- By the Man Who Did It_. (Apparently, it was the longest and most grandiose title they could think of.) Jonathan Littman wrote his own version, with the help of Mitnick, entitled _The Fugitive Game: Online with Kevin Mitnick_. Also inspired the most objective retelling, _The Cyberthief and the Samurai_, by Jeff Goodell (who can be contacted at jg@well.sf.ca.us). While he obviously cannot be directly reached by email as he is in federal prison, 2600 maintains a mailbox for him where they forward him interesting data and fan mail at kmitnick@2600.com. [Handle came from the 1975 Robert Redford movie _Three Days of the Condor_, about an ex-CIA guy who escapes the government, in part by manipulating the phone system.]

MOD [Motto: "Summa Sedes Non Capit Duos," Latin, literally "The Highest Does Not Seat Two," figuratively "There is Only Room for One at the Top;" a reference to the LOD/MOD struggle]- MOD, a New York rival of LOD, was known at various times as Masters of Deception and Masters of Disaster, I suppose depending on their mood. Its current membership is Acid Phreak, Scorpion, Nynex Phreak, HAC, Wing, Outlaw, Corrupt, Supernigger, Red Night, Seeker, Lord Micro, Crazy Eddie, Zod, Peaboy, n00g1e, Ella Cinders and Plague, and previous members have included Thomas Covenant and Phiber Optik. (List of current members provided by Acid Phreak.) Southwestern Bell busted them and some wound up in jail. It was formed when Phiber Optik was kicked out of LOD, supposedly because of his ego. He then formed MOD and recruited some of his friends. They were a major exception to the stereotype of the hacker as a wealthy, suburban white guy. They had what was described by some as a "hacker war" with LOD until they got busted, when there was something of a truce and LOD sort of made up. Well, at least they made up with Phiber Optik. They are still around, at least according to their web page, which of course claims they are reformed. They can currently be reached at mod@gti.net. Definitely not to be confused with the Amiga sound format .mod. [Besides the acronym, the term also supposedly refers to being like a second iteration of LOD; "M" is after "L," get it? However, I got that out of Quittner and Slatella's book, and I don't know how much truth is in it.]

MODEM [MOdulator/DEModulator]- Hardware that allows digital info to be carried over analog lines. The first modems were acoustic (usually 300 bps); you had to put the phone receiver on the modem. The current standard speed is 28.8 kbps. (Phone lines can hold a maximum of 35 kbps, though compression technology currently allows for 57.6 kbps modems.) ISDN modems are becoming more common. (Even though ISDN modem is an oxymoron; ISDN is already digital, and a modem by definition converts digital to analog.)

MODULATOR/DEMODULATOR [MODEM]- see MODEM [MOdulator/DEModulator]

_MONDO 2000_- "Cyberpunk" magazine. Successor to a short lived zine entitled _Reality Hackers_, which was the successor to a weird zine called _High Frontiers_. Never as good as it should have been. The three major brains behind it were R.U. Sirius (AKA Ken Goffman), St. Jude (AKA Jude Milhon) and Bart Nagel, all of which have since resigned, at least as editors. Timothy Leary was one of the editors, and there's a really psychotic dude named Xandor as well. I think it's way too much style and way too little substance, but it has some good book reviews and interviews about weird technology. The magazine also produced a big glossy book: _Mondo 2000: A User's Guide to the New Edge_. [From the Italian word "mondo," meaning world; AD 2000 is supposedly the "expiration date."]

MOREU, RAFAEL- Screenwriter for _Hackers_; interviewed many prominent hackers for research. According to Acid Phreak, he was less than happy with how the movie turned out.

MORRIS, ROBERT TAPPAN JUNIOR- Cornell graduate student who, inspired by John Brunner's SF novel _The Shockwave Rider_, created a worm which exploited the UNIX sendmail bug as an experiment to see how fast it would spread through the Internet; due to a programming error, it went out of control and took down hundreds of computers.

MOSS, JEFFERY- see DARK TANGENT

MUDGE- Member of the L0phT and the Cult of the Dead Cow. Unix security guru and featured speaker at many cons; helped created the TCP/IP drinking game. Can be reached at mudge@l0pht.com. [The name apparently comes from the fact that it's a fairly common Irish sirname and Mudge thought it sounded cool.]

NARK- (1) Someone who turns people in to law enforcement.
(2) The act of turning in someone to law enforcement.

NATIONAL COMPUTER CRIME SQUAD- The FBI's ten-member squad in charge of busting hackers, formed in 1992. Under the command of Jim Settle.

NATIONAL INFORMATION INFRASTRUCTURE [NII]- see NII [National Information Infrastructure]

NATIONAL SECURITY AGENCY [NSA]- see NSA [National Security Agency]

NECRON 99- see URVILE

NEIDORF, CRAIG- see KNIGHT LIGHTNING

NEON KNIGHTS- see METAL COMMUNICATIONS

NERD- Derogatory term for a computer geek; has been adopted as a badge of honor for some. Reminds that no matter how cool the stuff we do with computers is, we're still geeks, so get over it. :( [I just looked up the etymology of the word "nerd" in the dictionary, and my main conclusion was that etymologists must have a lot of spare time on their hands, because apparently there's this huge controversy over where this word came from, and the earliest reference is in a Dr. Seuss book, and then it became a slang term in the 1950s, and some people say it's a coincidence and others say there's some complicated relation, and all I can say is that it's just not that important, but these etymologists have enough time to learn UNIX security, and if they'd just read some books on TCP/IP, they could probably be really good hackers. Suggestion-- if any evil foreign governments out there want to hire some people to train to be hackers, get etymologists. They have tolerance for the tremendously boring. That is all. End rant.]

_THE NET_- Sandra Bullock's 1995 cyberthriller, in which she tries to escape from evil hackers. Can be recommended only because it has Sandra Bullock in a bikini.

NETCOM [netcom.com]- I believe Netcom is the largest Internet access provider in the world. As a result, it has users of all types. [From "Net" (short for Internet) and "commercial."]

THE NETHERLANDS [Kingdom of the Netherlands]- Country code ".nl," European nation, population 14.6 million, currently known for its libertarian laws regarding drugs, nudity, prostitution and notably computer hacking (which, until recently, was totally legal.) Home of _Hack-tic_. ("Do you know what they call a quarter pounder with cheese in Holland?" "They don't call it a quarter pounder with cheese?"...)

THE NEUROMANCER- see THE MENTOR

NII- National Information Infrastructure. Hard to say. (I mean, literally, "en-aye-aye"? Really not phonetically friendly.)

1984- A mystical year for computers. LOD was formed; _Neuromancer_ was published; _2600_ was first published; _The Whole Earth Software Review_ was created, which led to the WELL; the Chaos Computer Club was formed; and the Macintosh computer was released. Also, George Orwell's 1949 SF novel was titled this, and some would say that it's becoming true.

NODE- (1) A point of entry to a network or BBS.
(2) A machine on a network. (Entry suggested by Space Rogue)

(NO SUCH AGENCY) [NSA]- see NSA [National Security Agency]

NSA [National Security Agency]- Also known as (No Such Agency). The federal agency in charge of spying on the citizens of the US, as well as an international branch. ["Y'know, I could have joined the NSA. But they found out my parents were married." --Martin Bishop, _Sneakers_.]

N6NHG- Ham radio handle of Kevin Mitnick; last three letters supposedly stand for Nation's Hacker Great.

NUPROMETHEUS LEAGUE- Group (or maybe just one guy) that liberated part of the source code to Color QuickDraw and set disks containing to prominent members of the computer community. They were never caught (well, at least not caught and publically tried. Maybe Apple had them shot and dumped in unmarked graves in Philadelphia.) [From the Greek demigod Prometheus, who ILFed fire from Zeus.]

NUSSBAUM, LEE- see MITNICK, KEVIN DAVID

OBELIX (1976-Present)- Former member of the Chaos Computer Club; introduced Pengo to the group. [Name comes from the prominent French comic strip character.]

ONE HUNDRED ELITE- The approximately one hundred truly elite hackers around the world with enough talent and guts to strike fear in the hearts of men, who all know each other. Half of them have been involved in court cases. Most members of LOD, MOD, cDc, and L0pht are in the 100. I'm not even close to the 100... I know people who are, but I'm maybe in the top 500. [Conceptualized by Bruce Sterling while researching _The Hacker Crackdown_.]

110- see EMMANUEL GOLDSTEIN

ON THE METAL- Term referring to programming or hardware design. The act of working directly at the computer keyboard (or hardware breadboard) without going through the normal planning stages.

OPERATION SUNDEVIL- An initiative by the United States Secret Service that was part of the Hacker Crackdown; it was originally intended to strike credit card fraud; it was twenty-seven search warrants executed 8 May 1990; forty-two computer systems were seized. Agents in charge included Tim Foley, Gail Thackeray and Barbara Golden. [From the mascot of the college the Secret Service's headquarters was near. (Super Bowl XXX was held at Sundevil Stadium.)]

ORACLE- A DC Comics character; formerly Batgirl, paralyzed by the Joker. Notable in a hacking sense because she is now the main hacker character in the DC Universe.

OS [Operating System]- The physical laws of a computer. OS's include DOS, Windows, MacOS, SunOS and UNIX and its many variants. Even VCRs, scientific calculators and digital watches have primitive OS's.

OUTAGE- Loss of telephone service. Term used by telco employees.

OUTLAW (1974-Present)- Handle of Julio Fernandez. Founding member of MOD; supposedly one of the more criminal members.

PACKET SNIFFER- A program which records the first one hundred or so bits sent by a computer when connecting to a network. Supposedly used for network diagnostic purposes, but is used frequently by hackers for obvious reasons. (The first hundred bits usually include a username and password.)

PAGE (1) 256 consecutive bytes of memory, starting on a even multiple of 256.
(2) a screen, usually a graphics display.
(3) A home page on the Web.

PARM- Contraction for "parameter," which is a list of data that is given to a routine to work with, such as a list of subscribers or accounts, or even a filename on a disk.

PASSWORD SHADOWING- A security system in which the encrypted password is stored in a different directory where normal users are not given access. Used in the UNIX operating system.

PBX [Private Branch Exchange]- Local phone number within a corporation. Phreakers often dial into these, hack them, and use them to make long-distance calls for free. They often route through many PBXs to avoid tracing.

PENET [anon.penet.fi]- Infamous Finnish anonymous remailer. Currently unbreakable (as far as anyone knows) except when the Scientologists got a warrant for the data in Penet's computers. That will probably never happen again.

PENGO (1968-Present)- Handle of Hans Huebner, West German hacker and former member of the Chaos Computer Club; infamous for hacking US military systems for the KGB. [Handle comes from the name of his favorite arcade game, the protagonist of which was a penguin.]

PENTIUM- The chip that runs in fairly high end IBM-PCs; manufactured and developed by the Intel Corporations. Current high-end clock speeds run up to 250 MHz.

PETERS, MICHAEL B.- see POULSEN, KEVIN LEE

PETERSON, JUSTIN TANNER- see AGENT STEAL

PGP [Pretty Good Privacy]- Program by Phillip Zimmermann and "Pretty Good Software." Encryption for the masses; it was made to counter the proposed clipper chip. Phil Zimmermann was in some trouble with the law for a while, but I guess he's okay now. Other fanatical cypherpunks have taken over where he left off, making it for the Mac (MacPGP) and a utility for making your phone line secure (PGPfone.) PGP is currently in version 5.0. Currently some of the aforementioned cypherpunks are working on the MacPGP Kit (currently in version 1.6), the goal of which is to ultimately replace the ugly window currently in MacPGP that looks like DOS. [The name "Pretty Good Privacy" is because Phil Zimmermann is a fan of Garrison Keillor's Prairie Home Companion, which mentioned a product that was "pretty good."]

PHALCON/SKISM (P/S)- Hacking, phreaking and virus group; Phalcon did the H/P and Skism did the virii. The group ran the e-zine _40Hex_. Members have included Hellraiser, Dark Angel, DecimatoR, Garbage Heap and Priest. The group was disbanded in late 1996. [The name comes from deliberate misspellings of "falcon" and "schism."]

PHANTOM DIALER- (1971-Present) [Often abbreviated as "Phantomd"] Handle of Matt Singer, a hacker who, in 1991, supposedly cracked the most secure computers since the Internet was created. (Since the Internet was created in 1969, I doubt this; the info comes from David Freedman and Charles Mann writing for _U.S. News and World Report_.) Disciple of Grok. Eventually caught by the FBI and Janaka Jayawardene. Phantom Dialer was apparently brain-damaged in some way and currently lives on Social Security disability payments.

PHASE JITTER- see CONTROL C

PHIBER OPTIK (1975-Present)- Handle of Mark Abene. Also known as Il Duce, also known as the Artist Formerly Known as Phiber. Former member of LOD and MOD. He was arrested in 1993 and sentenced to prison for a year and a day. When he got out, there was a huge party, and he is currently a technician for Echo and writer for _2600_.

PHOENIX PROJECT- BBS sysoped by the Mentor and Erik Bloodaxe. Shut down by the Secret Service; which is too bad, because otherwise it might have revitalized the underground.

_PHRACK CLASSIC_-see _PHRACK MAGAZINE_

_PHRACK INC._- see _PHRACK MAGAZINE_

_PHRACK MAGAZINE_- Electronic hacker 'zine founded in 1985 by Knight Lightning and Taran King for the Metal Shop BBS. It later appeared on the Broadway Show, Newsweek Elite and Kleptic Palace AE/Catfur boards. Shut down by the police once, but continued to return as the 'zine that wouldn't die. Still existing, currently in volume seven. At various times, Phrack was known as _Phrack, Inc._ (according to Knight Lightning, from the DC Comics series _Infinity, Inc._), _Phrack Classic_, and _Diet Phrack_. It had several editors through the years: Taran King and Knight Lightning; Shooting Shark; Elric of Imrryr and Sir Francis Drake; Crimson Death; King and Lightning again; Doc Holliday; Death again; Dispater; Death and Dispater; just Dispater again; Erik Bloodaxe; daemon9, ReDragon and Voyager; and now daemon9 and Datastream Cowboy. (I realize the Phrack web page lists different editors and doesn't mention some, but a careful review of back issues contradicts this. Guess Bloodaxe didn't have as much spare time as I do when he compiled the list.) Since Issue 42, it has become a "real" magazine and is listed in the Library of Congress with its own ISSN. Bloodaxe came up with new rules about its distribution; while the "amateur computer hobbyist" can get it for free, the government and corporations must pay a registration fee. However, only two people actually have; in an incredible fit of hypocrisy, Gail Thackeray has said that unless it is enforced, corporations can have it for free. To use the rhetoric prosecutors have been using for years, "if a bike is unlocked and you steal it, does that mean it's okay?" This just proves the government is as corrupt as they always said hackers were. (Well, sort of.) The current staff is daemon9 and Datastream Cowboy (editors), Alhambra (assistant editor), Erik Bloodaxe (mailboy), and Alhambra and disorder (news). You can reach _Phrack_ at phrackedit@infonexus.com.

PHRACK WORLD NEWS [PWN]- Department of Phrack Magazine existing since issue two (when it was called Phreak World News.) It changed to Phrack World News in issue 5. First done by Knight Lightning, then Sir Francis Drake, then Epsilon, then Dispater and currently Datastream Cowboy. It is made up of journalism by hackers about the hacking scene and articles written by the news press about hackers; where erroroneous information is occasionally corrected. It exists to publicize busts and information about hackers.

PHREAK- Someone who abuses the phone system the way a hacker abuses computer networks. Also used by Rudy Rucker in his novels to refer to hobbyists who hack systems, as opposed to cryps, who do it for money or power. [From a combination of "phone" and "freak," which became "phreak." "Phreaker" is sometimes also used.]

PILE, CHRISTOPHER- see THE BLACK BARON

PIRATE- (1) Someone who distributes copyrighted commercial software illegally, often stripping the program of password protection or including a document that gives the passwords to defeat the protection. [From the old 18th century pirates who raided ships, though I have no idea what that has to do with ripping off software. Anyone have any ideas?]
(2) A verb for illegally copying a progam.
(3) An unauthorized broadcaster of radio or television.

POSTER BOY- see CONTROL C

POULSEN, KEVIN LEE- Birth name of Dark Dante, alias Michael B. Peters. Semi-famous hacker and Silicon Valley programmer who was caught for altering telephone systems so that he could be the 102nd caller and win a Porsche, among other things. First hacker to be indicted for espionage. Sometimes referred to as "The Last Hacker." (Huh? I don't get it.) Currently on court order not to use computers; his web page, maintained by others, is at .

#HACK- The primary hacking irc channel. (Usually pronounced "pound-hack.)

#PHREAK- The phreaking irc channel.

"THE POWER COMPUTER"- see CHRP.

POWER PC- Chip that powers Apple's Power Macintoshes and high-end Performas. It is also used to power some high-end IBM-PCs that run Microsoft Windows NT. It was developed in an unprecedented partnership between Apple, IBM and Motorola.

PPCP- see CHRP.

PRAETORIANS- Mischievious members of the Internet Liberation Front (as well as possibly LOD) who hacked the _Hackers_ home page. [From the villains in _The Net_.]

PReP [PowerPC Reference Platform]- IBM's name for their PowerPC run machines, which usually run Windows NT.

PRIVATE BRANCH EXCHANGE [PBX]- see PBX [Private Branch Exchange]

PRODIGY- Third largest online service, owned by IBM and Sears that is the only remaining competitor to AOL and CompuServe. Essentially dead. Not to be confused with the Prodigy, the kick-ass techno band notable for the albums _Fat of the Land_ and _Music for the Jilted Generation_.

PROJECT EQUALIZER- KGB initiative to pay West German Chaos Computer Club members to hack United States military computers for them. Failed; the information that the hackers involved uncovered was not judged worth the expense by the KGB, and Clifford Stoll eventually got all the hackers arrested.

THE PROPHET- Handle of Robert J. Riggs, alias Robert Johnson, also known as the Eavesdropper. Former member of the Legion of Doom, the PhoneLine Phantoms and Metal Communications. One of the Atlanta Three busted in the Hacker Crackdown; was the one who actually got the E911 Document.

PUNK- (1) A style of music drawing on the culture of destructive rebels, begun in the late Seventies in Britain by such bands as the Sex Pistols and the Clash; popularized by Billy Idol and the Police. Did stuff like put safety pins in their noses and other body parts. Punk goth, industrial and to a lesser extent grunge and "alternative," and has had an effect on all popular music since it's inception. Hardcore punk bands such as the Offspring and Bad Religion continue today.
(2) The culture of destructive rebels with piercings and scary hair, often shaved. The term was later used with "cybernetics" to describe computer nerds with a little bit more attitude. [The word in this context is a perverted badge of honor coming from the insulting term punk, as in an obnoxious young person. Major insult if you apply to someone else maliciously, at least in the computer underground.]

THE PUNK MAFIA (TPM)- Phreak/hack group whose membership included Arthur Dent, Creative Chaos, Erik Bloodaxe, Gin Fizz, Ninja NYC, Peter Gunn, Rudolph Smith 703 and the Godfather 703.

QUALCOMM- Telecommunications company that was/is the target of many hackers, including Kevin Mitnick. Best known among casual Net users as the distributor of Eudora, the ubiquitous email program first coded by Steve Dorner.

QUICKDRAW- The engine that powers the graphics in Macintoshes. It began as just QuickDraw, which was followed by Color QuickDraw, which was followed by 32-bit QuickDraw, which was followed by QuickDraw GX, which was recently followed by QuickDraw 3D. In the early 1990s a group calling itself the NuPrometheus League ILFed part of the source code to Color QuickDraw, very much angering Apple Computer.

QUITTNER, JOSHUA- Co-author of _Masters of Deception: The Gang That Ruled Cyberspace_ and contributing writer for _Wired_. His phone system was hacked by parties unknown (either LOD or MOD, acting on behalf of the ILF) in retaliation for his book.

RAM [Random Access Memory]- The amount of active memory a computer has; the amount it can load at once. Increasing RAM increases speed because then more of the program can be loaded into active. The current standard amount of RAM is sixteen megabytes.

_RAMPARTS_- A radical magazine in California in the early 1970s that was seized by the cops because they published the shematics for a blue box variant.

RAVERS- People who go to massive psychedelic parties or set them up. Usually have acid house, techno or industrial music, and hallucinogens and amphetamines. Lots of rave enthusiasts claim its roots are in tribal ceremonies thousands of years old. For rave info, I recommend you go to .

RBOCS [Regional Bell Operating Companies]- Companies left over from when AT&T was ripped apart; "baby bells."

RED BOX- Box that mimics the sound of a quarter being entered into a payphone, fooling ACTS; I believe the second box (after the blue box) to be created by phreaks. Tone is created by a 6.5536 Mhz crystal, in the pure forms; there are a number of soft boxes, tones in software for a computer. [Name comes from the box in pay phones that actually is red.]

REDRAGON (1975-Present)- Also known as Dr. Disk and the Destroyer. Currently one of the co-editors of _Phrack Magazine_. [Handle is from a book by Thomas Harris called _Red Dragon_; combined the words.]

REMOB [REMote OBservation]- A feature BellSouth built into their phone system that Atlanta LOD used to their advantage.

RENO, JANET- Current attourney general of the United States. Recently was civally prosecuted by the Supreme Court in regards to the passage of the CDA, and lost.

REWIND- To stop a program at a certain point and go backwards through the execution until the item of the search (usually a bug) is found.

RICHO SLOPPY- see CONTROL C

RIGGS, ROBERT J.- see THE PROPHET

RONIN- A masterless samurai, popularized by Frank Miller's SF/fantasy graphic novel of the same name. This historical, nearly mythological archetype has also been adopted by many hackers and self-proclaimed cyberpunks as a role model.

ROOT- God on a Unix system. Getting root is the holy grail; allows you to control the system. (On VMS, "superuser" is the equivalent of root.)

ROSCOE- see DE PAYNE, LOUIS

THE ROSCOE GANG- Name given to a small group of phreaks in LA by _Cyberpunk_. The members were Louis De Payne (Roscoe), Kevin Mitnick (the Condor), Susan Headley (Susan Thunder) and Steven Rhoades.

ROSENFIELD, MORTON- see STORM SHADOW

RSA [Rivest/Shamir/Adleman]- Very strong public key cryptosystem utilized by PGP; created 1977, patented 1983. Named after the MIT professors who created it- Ron Rivest, Adi Shamir and Len Adleman, founders of RSA Data Security.

RUCKER, RUDY VON BITTER (1946-Present)- Author and scientist; the only original cyberpunk who actually knows what he is talking about. Author of _The Hollow Earth_, _Live Robots_, _Software_, _Spacetime Donuts_, _Transreal_, _White Light_, _Wetware_, and _The Hacker and the Ants_, and co-editor of _Mondo 2000: A User's Guide to the New Edge_. His most recent work is _Freeware_, a sequel to _Software_ and _Wetware_, about genetically engineered beings in a crazy, dirty version of 2053. Also a contributing writer for _Wired_.

R.U. SIRIUS (1952-Present)- Handle of Ken Goffman. Former editor of _Mondo 2000_, contributing writer for _Wired_, and co-editor of _Mondo 2000: A User's Guide to the New Edge_; co-author of _The Cyberpunk Handbook (The Real Cyberpunk Fakebook)_ and _How to Mutate and Take Over the World_.

RYAN, NICHOLAS- see HAPPY HARDCORE

SAINT CLOUD- see DOCTOR WHO

SALSMAN, JAMES- see KARL MARX

SATAN [Security Administrator Tool for Analyzing Networks]- Silicon Graphics program to detect holes in computer security, coded by Dan Farmer. It created something of a scandal at the time because it was shareware, and some were afraid it would make second-rate hackers incredibly powerful; however, it was released, and no, the world did not end.

SCAN MAN- Phreak in the 1980s. Fairly old for a hacker at the time (he was in his thirties). Sysoped Pirate-80.

SCANNING- To dial a huge amount of numbers, looking for "carriers" or computers connected by a modem to the phone line. Since dialing thousands of numbers by hand and hanging up is incredibly tedious, the war dialer was invented.

SCHANOT, CHRISTOPHER- Hacker arrested in 1997 who pled guilty. Supposedly had ties to the ILF, and lived with the publisher of _Gray Areas_.

SCHWARTAU, WINN- Security and infowar specialist; frequently attends conventions. Author of _Information Warfare: Chaos on the Electronic Superhighway_ and _Terminal Compromise_.

SCORPION (1970-Present)- Handle of Paul Stira. Founding member of MOD; imprisoned for a short time when MOD was arrested. [Named after the poisonous arthropod.]

SECRET SERVICE- see UNITED STATES SECRET SERVICE [USSS]

SETTLE, JIM- Leader of the FBI's National Computer Crime Squad.

SF- Science fiction or speculative fiction. Fiction based on scientific possibility (unless you count the many fantasy books masquerading as science fiction). The first science fiction written down was probably parts of the Holy Bible, but Greek and Hindu mythology also has echoes of SF. The first uses of science fiction as we know it was in the 1930s, when Hugo Gernsback created the _Amazing Stories_ pulp. Science fiction greatly advanced in the 1950s, with such talents as Isaac Asimov and Ray Bradbury. In the late 1960s and early 1970s, SF's "New Wave" appeared (term coined by Michael Moorcock), a new group of SF writers that encompassed Harlan Ellison, John Brunner, Michael Moorcock, Norman Spinrad, Vernor Vinge, and others. The New Wave was replaced by "cyberpunk," (coined by Gardner Dozois and/or Bruce Bethke) which showed a harder connection to technology. Some SF is considered great literature (Huxley's _Brave New World_, Vonnegut's _Cat's Cradle_ and _Slaughterhouse Five_, Herbert's _Dune_, Atwood's _The Handmaid's Tale_, LeGuin's _The Left Hand of Darkness_, Bradbury's _The Martian Chronicles_, Orwell's _1984_, Heinlein's _Stranger in a Strange Land_, etc.), and some is considered crap (most of the rest).

SHADOWHAWK 1- Also known as Feyd Rautha, also known as Captain Beyond, also known as Mental Cancer. Hacker/phreak that was one of the first to be tried (for repeatedly hacking AT&T.) He had to go to prison for nine months and pay $10,000. He bragged of planning to crash AT&T, which was an unfortunate coincidence when the Martin Luther King Day Crash really happened. [Name comes from the title of an Atari 800 game.]

_SHADOWRUN_- The second cyberpunk role-playing game; created 1989 by FASA Incorporated, specifically Jordan K. Weisman. Currently in second edition. Uses many aspects of cyberpunk (cyberdecks, street samurai) but also uses some really weird stuff like magic and two-thirds of North America being retaken by Native American shamen. It has been criticized by many (notably Bruce Sterling) for the use of fantasy elements, which is sort of blasphemy as far cyberpunk is concerned. [From the term in the game universe referring to an illegal operation, usually financed by a corporation and staffed by highly flexible freelancers; used because it sounds cool.]

SHANNON, CLAUDE- Student who, in the late-1930s, hypothesized that computer circuits could use binary.

SHEET- Contraction for the word "spreadsheet."

SHIRLEY, JOHN- One of the original cyberpunks. His works had a seminal influence on all cyberpunk, and henceforth all science fiction. He also has been in several bands (most recently the Panther Moderns) and is a very nice guy if you actually talk to him. His books have included _Transmaniacon_, _Dracula in Love_, _Three Ring Psychus_, _City Come A-Walkin'_, _The Brigade_, _Cellars_, _In Darkness Waiting_, _Kamus of Kadizhar: The Black Hole of Carcosa_, _Eclipse_, _Eclipse Penumbra_, _Eclipse Corona_, _A Splendid Chaos_, _Wetbones_, _Heatseeker_, _New Noir_ and _The Exploded Heart_. His most recent work is _Silicon Embrace_, about UFO's, aliens, anarchy, and media terrorism. He also wrote the first draft of the screenplay for _The Crow_.

SHIT-KICKIN' JIM- A character created as a joke by Dispater for _Phrack_; the ultimate redneck hacker.

SHIMOMURA, TSUTOMU (1964-Present)- Also known as "V.T.," in a New York Times article previous to the Mitnick debacle. Computer scientist whose network was cracked by Kevin Mitnick, whom he then tracked down. (Though supposedly he plotted to catch Mitnick before the break-in, as well.) He also used to be a cellular phone phreak, which, strangely enough, never gets publicized by Markoff. Co-author of _Takedown: The Pursuit and Capture of Kevin Mitnick, America's Most Wanted Computer Outlaw-- By the Man Who Did It_. Currently trying to get back to his life as a scientist. (And make a shitload of money off his book and upcoming movie.) Can currently be contacted at tsutomu@ariel.sdsc.edu.

SHOOTING SHARK- Hack/phreak and UNIX hacker who was the editor of _Phrack_ for two issues. Disciple of Elric of Imrryr. [From the title of a song by Blue Oyster Cult on the album _The Revolution by Night_.]

SHOULDER SURFING- A very low tech method of phreaking; usually practiced by unsophisticated phreaks who depend on stealing phone codes and selling them to immigrants for their livelihood. The practice of looking over someone's shoulder as they dial their phone code and then writing it down. The term also describes the act of watching over someone's shoulder as they type their password on a keyboard and getting that information.

SIDNEY SCHREIBER- see EMMANUEL GOLDSTEIN

SING- To program without errors for a long period of time.

SINGER, MATT- see PHANTOM DIALER

SIRIUS, R.U.- see R.U. SIRIUS

SKINNY PUPPY- see DOCTOR WHO

SKOOG, ERIC- see DETH VEGETABLE

SLAP- The act of loading a program off of a disk device and into memory very quickly.

SMART DRUGS- Designer drugs used by enthusiasts because they think they increase the information processing power of the brain or otherwise make the mind more powerful. ("Don't eat any of that stuff they say will make you smarter. It will only make you poorer." -Bruce Sterling) "Nootropics" are a form of smart drug; "smart drinks" which are currently legal and pretty much harmless.

SMASH AND GRAB- To use a copycard or other hardware device to stop the program from running and copy it from memory onto disk. [From criminal slang, meaning to break a store's window and reach in to take small valuable items quickly.]

_SNEAKERS_- 1992 Robert Redford hacker movie. Not bad, if you keep your expectations low. [According to the press release, the name comes from the slang term for IBM's young programmers, and later was used to refer to security teams that broke into computers and found the security flaws. However, I don't think this was widely used.]

SNYDER, THOMAS [Tom]- Talk show host who hosted Katie Hafner, and Mitnick called in. Judging from the transcript in _The Cyberthief and the Samurai_, he didn't know what he was talking about and jumped on the "hackers are evil" bandwagon. However, he wrote a pretty good introduction to Harlan Ellison's _An Edge in My Voice_, so how bad a guy can he be?

SOCIAL ENGINEERING- Conning someone. Usually involves using what you know about someone and pushing their buttons in order to manipulate them into doing what you want them to do.

SOLOMON, [Doctor] ALAN- Anti-virus "crusader;" author of Dr. Solomon's Anti Virus Toolkit.

THE SORCEROR- see CRIMSON DEATH

SPACE ROGUE- Member of the L0phT and administrator of the Whacked Mac Archives. Can be reached at spacerog@l0pht.com. (Entry submitted by Space Rogue himself)

SPEER, MATTHIAS- see HESS, MARKUS

SPIDER- Not very widely used at all term for an quasilegal hacker; I rather like it myself. Coined by Andrew Burt.

SPOOFING- Hacking technique in which an unauthorized user comes in from another computer that is authorized access to an important system; printers have been hacked for spoofing purposes.

SPOT THE FED- Popular hacker game at Cons; it involves attempting to find one of the many undercover agents attending.

SPRAWL SERIES- Also known as the Cyberspace Series or Trilogy. SF classic series by William Gibson; according to Bruce Sterling, the short stories involved are "Johnny Mnemonic," "New Rose Hotel" and "Burning Chrome;" the novels are _Neuromancer_, _Count Zero_ and _Mona Lisa Overdrive_.

STANFILL, DAVID- see KEVIN MITNICK

STEINBERG, STEVEN G.- see FRANK DRAKE

STEPHENSON, NEAL- Author, programmer, and contributing writer for _Wired_; author of _The Big U_, _Zodiac: An Eco-Thriller_ and _Snow Crash_, as well as several short stories.His most recent work was _The Diamond Age_, about highly advanced nanotechnology.

STERLING, BRUCE (1954-Present)- Also known as Vincent Omniaveritas. Journalist, literary critic, contributing writer for _Wired_ and science fiction author. Author of _Involution Ocean_, _The Aritificial Kid_, _Schismatrix_, _Crystal Express_, _Islands in the Net_, _Globalhead_ and _Heavy Weather_, as well as the introductions to several books, and was the editor of _Mirrorshades- The Cyberpunk Anthology_. He also wrote the non-fiction _The Hacker Crackdown_, about the events of the Hacker Crackdown of 1990, and co-wrote _The Difference Engine_. In his early days, he edited a weird samizdat zine that viciously railed against the SF mainstream (dragons, space operas etc.) entitled _Cheap Truth_ under the name "Vincent Omniaveritas." _Cheap Truth_ was to SF what _Phrack Magazine_ is to personal computers. His most recent work is _Holy Fire_, about technologically achieved eternal youth.

STEVE JACKSON GAMES (SJG)- Corporation making role-playing games that was raided by the Secret Service in 1990 during the Hacker Crackdown of 1990 due to the presence of the E911 document on Illuminati, a BBS run by SJG. The fact the Mentor worked there didn't help. Their equipment was seized and Illuminati was shut down, though SJG was never charged with any crime; the Secret Service's excuse, though they later admitted it was total crap, was that _GURPS Cyberpunk_, the role-playing game written by the Mentor, was a manual for computer crime. The EFF later sued the US government over it. SJG went on to publish _GURPS Cyberpunk_ and write a card game called _Hackers_.

STIRA, PAUL WILLIAM- see SCORPION

STOLL, CLIFFORD- Astronomer and programmer who caught members of the Chaos Computer Club in the pay of the KGB, as he relates in his book _The Cuckoo's Egg: Tracking a Spy Through the Maze of Computer Espionage_. Recently wrote _Silicon Snake Oil_, about the media's sometimes overblown hype on computer technology.

STORM SHADOW- Handle of Morty Rosenfield, a hacker and member of the short-lived group Force Hackers. Was thrown in jail in 1991, and gained semi-fame from a _Time_ magazine article. (However, Datastream Cowboy says it's full of crap, so maybe I shouldn't believe its info.)

S.266- 1991 Senate anti-crime bill that included a provision making encryption illegal in the US if the FBI (or NSA) couldn't crack it. Was one of the factors influencing Phil Zimmermann's creation of PGP.

SUPERNIGGER- Phreak and member of MOD. [Name comes from a long story involving someone knocking him off a bridge and calling him "nigger."]

SUSAN THUNDER (1959-Present)- Handle of Susan Headley, one the few female phreak/hackers; former prostitute and friend of Kevin Mitnick; protege of Louis De Payne. Appeared on _20/20_. Interviewed in _Cyberpunk_.

SYSADMIN [SYStem ADMINistrator]- Someone who runs and administers a computer network.

SYSOP [SYStem OPerator]- Someone who runs and administers a computer system, usually a BBS.

TAG- (1) A small piece of code or data that is added to a program as an afterthought, usually an identifier of some sort, like the time and date completed, along with the author's name. [From the clothes tag you find on shirts and pants at shopping centers.]
(2) In the HTML programming language, a command issued, rather than basic text.

_TAKEDOWN: THE PURSUIT AND CAPTURE OF KEVIN MITNICK, AMERICA'S MOST WANTED COMPUTER OUTLAW-- BY THE MAN WHO DID IT_- Nonfiction (supposedly) novel by Tsutomu Shimomura and John Markoff. Originally titled _Catching Kevin_, which I think was a much better title, aesthetically (I mean, c'mon, it's a nineteen word title now!).

_TAP_ [Technical Assistance Program]- Formerly the "Youth International Party Line." Phreaking newsletter among hippies. Another _TAP_ was created in the 1990 by Predat0r, but it too is now defunct.

TAPEWORM- A program that invades a computer system and changes certain data as is it becomes available. Usually benign, from the tapeworm programmer's point of view. A notable worm was Robert Morris Jr.'s infamous Internet worm that went out of control and took down several computers. [From the disgusting stomach parasite; the use of the term to refer to a virus-like program originates in John Brunner's 1975 novel _The Shockwave Rider_.]

TARAN KING- Phreak, former editor of Phrack, former member of the 2600 Club and New 2600 Club, and former sysop of Metal Shop BBS. Knight Lightning's best friend. [Name comes from the main character in the Chronicles of Prydain by Loyd Alexander, a fantasy series (remember _The Black Cauldron_?)]

TCP/IP [Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol]- The language the Internet speaks, which computer OS's intrepret.

TEAM HACKERS '86- see THE ADMINISTRATION

TELCO [TELephone COmpany]- A corporation which sells a service that would be dirt cheap if it wasn't run by profiteering gluttons, i.e. telephone service. The largest (and until the early Eighties, only) telco is AT&T.

TELEPHONE- A device that allows one to speak to someone else through wires, long distance. It was created in 1876 and gained true widespread use in 1904. It has great potential for abuse, particularly to get around the insane charges telcos put on the phone that most people pay without question. (I mean really, what the fuck is an "area code"? It doesn't cost any more to the phone company to put me through to Borneo then it does to put me through to my neighbor.) While it was originally copper wires that carried voice, it has been increasing computerized and digitized.

TELETRIAL- Mock trial held by phreaks on a bridge in which someone is tried for offenses; if the offending phreak is found guilty, he may be expelled from a group or kicked off a BBS. Very inefficient. Things would be a lot easier if hack/phreaks could just execute the obnoxious ones like the Cosa Nostra does.

TEMPEST [Transient ElectroMagnetic PulsE Surveillance Technology]- Military espionage technology which reads the ones and zeros emitted by a computer monitor from as much as a kilometer away.

TERMINAL TECHNICIAN- see TERMINUS

TERMINUS- Handle of Len Rose. Also known as Terminal Technician. Respected UNIX programmer and hacker on the side. Former sysop of Metronet. [Handle comes from his admittedly egotistical conviction that he had reached the final point of being a proficient hacker.]

THACKERAY, GAIL- Secret Service administrator who was one of the driving forces behind Operation Sundevil. While is she is a vehement hacker-tracker, she has been known to socialize with them, and tries to train police not to be computer illiterate idiots.

THREE-LETTER AGENCIES- The federal agencies comprised of three letters; usually refers to the ATF (bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms), CIA (Central Intelligence Agency), DOE (Department of Energy), FBI (Federal Bureau of Investigations), IRS (Internal Revenue Service) and NSA (National Security Agency).

TIGER TEAMS- Defined in _Cyberia_ as "specialized computer commando squads who establish security protocol in a system." I doubt it's that romantic (it conjurs up imagery of black-suited Navy SEAL computer nerds).

TINA- Phone sex operator who people calling Palm Beach Probation Department got patched through to for free in due to the meddlings of a truly creative phreak, Fry Guy.

TPM- see THE PUNK MAFIA [TPM]

TRANSMISSION CONTROL PROTOCOL/INTERNET PROTOCOL [TCP/IP]- see TCP/IP [Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol]

TRASHING- Also known as dumpster diving. Going through the someone's trash looking for info; usually refers to searching through the dumpster of a corporation for thrown-away passwords or information that can be useful for social engineering.

THE TRIBUNAL OF KNOWLEDGE- see THE LEGION OF DOOM [LOD]

TRANSIENT ELECTROMAGNETIC PULSE SURVEILLANCE TECHNOLOGY [TEMPEST]- see TEMPEST [Transient ElectroMagnetic PulsE Surveillance Technology]

TROJAN HORSE- A virus-like program that pretends to be something else in order to get into the system. [From _The Iliad_, by famous dead Greek poet Homer, when the Ithacans gained victory by hiding in a huge wood horse so they could get into Troy. The Trojans were not in the gifted program at warfare school.]

TRW- see EXPERIAN

TUC- Handle of Scott Jefferey Ellentuch. Former member of the Warelords, the Knights of Shadow, the Apple Mafia and Fargo 4A. Phreak (no longer in operation) known for being very likable. [Handle comes from his nickname in school, because teachers were always mispronouncing his last name; and he was always correcting them by saying "Tuc!" (Ellentuc, not Ellentouch or however the git teachers pronounced it.) Isn't that a cute story?]

TURING, ALAN- British mathematician who predicted in 1950 that computers would become more intelligent than humans. In _Neuromancer_, the "Turing police" is the unit charged with stopping AIs from getting too powerful. In the mid-1930s Alan used Charles Babbage's ideas to make the "Turing machine," a general purpose calculator.

2600 CLUB/NEW 2600 CLUB- Group that included much of the staff of _Phrack Inc._ (No relation to 2600 magazine.) Its membership included Cheap Shades, Data Line, Dr. Crash, Forest Ranger, Gin Fizz, Jester Sluggo, Knight Lightning, Taran King, Monty Python, Phantom Phreaker and the Clashmaster.

_2600: THE HACKER QUARTERLY_- Hacker magazine edited by Emmanuel Goldstein, founded 1984. It focuses on technical data, and is a mainstay of the computer underground. It is currently in Volume 13, costs $21 for a one-year subscription, and can be reached for general mail at 2600@2600.com. Current staff is: Emmanuel Goldstein (editor-in-chief), Scott Skinner (layout), Max-q and Phiber Optik (network operations), Neon Samurai (voice mail), and Bloot and Corp (webmasters).

2600 MEETINGS- Held in major cities on the first Friday of every month in malls; discuss security, hacking and phreaking. In late 1992, young people gathering a 2600 meeting were confronted by law enforcement in a mall, where they were searched and equipment was seized. Shortly after, Computer Professionals for Social Responsibility filed suit to get relevant Secret Service files under the Freedom of Information Act. In early 1996, a number of government appeals were overturned and the information was released. [From 2600 Hz, the tone used on blue boxes a long time ago to screw with the phone system.]

_UNAUTHORIZED ACCESS_- British documentary on hackers made by Savage Productions and directed by Annaliza Savage. Features Emmanuel Goldstein, the L0pht, Rop of Hacktic, and many other famous hackers. (Entry modified by Space Rogue)

THE UNDERGROUND- Referred to by some Netizens as the illegal or quasilegal community that forms in Cyberspace; includes hackers, phreaks, virus authors and warez d00dz; I often refer to the Underground more specifically as the Hacker Nation.

UNIX- Operating system made by AT&T in 1969 of which several variants exist, such as Berkeley UNIX. Made by programmers, for programmers. It was purchased by Novell fairly recently. It also supposedly has very little security. The perfect hacker OS, or at least that's what I hear; I haven't had very many chances to use it. Maybe when AIX is ported to PPCP... [The name is a play off of Multics, its precursor OS; supposedly UNIX would unify the previous Multics, which was apparently a mess.]

UNKNOWN USER- Handle sometimes used on _Phrack_ when a famous writer wished to write anonymously; came from the old name that appeared on Metal Shop BBS when someone posted anonymously.

UPLOAD- To transfer via modem a program or file from a computer to a network, BBS or ftp site.

URVILE- Also known as Necron 99. One of the Atlanta Three, imprisoned for activities with the Atlanta LOD. [Handle is from a Stephen R. Donaldson fantasy series.]

UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF INJUSTICE- The hacked version of the US Department of Justice web site; hackers altered it to include lots of anti-CDA propaganda, swastikas, and "obscene pictures." Whoever those guys were have my eternal gratitude.

UNITED STATES SECRET SERVICE [USSS]- Federal agency maintained by the treasury, formed in 1865, that protects the president, visiting dignitaries and a shitload of other stuff. Starting protecting the president in 1881. They (along with the FBI) are also in charge of computer crime, because of electronic funds. (Remember, they're run by the treasury, so they protect dead presidents as well as live ones.)

URVILE- Handle of Adam Grant, one of the Atlanta Three and former member of the Legion of Doom. [Name comes from a Stephen R. Donaldson fantasy series.]

VAPORWARE- Derogatory term for software (or hardware) that is promised but doesn't show up, either for not for a very long time or never. Windows 95 was called this by many when it was in the early stages (when it was called Windows 92.)

VAXEN- Plural for VAX, Virtual Adressing eXtension. Machines made by Digital Equipment Corporation which run VMS.

THE VILLAGE- In the cult 1960s TV show _The Prisoner_, a surreal place where an ex-secret agent is monitored constantly. Sometimes used when referring to the world today and our lack of privacy.

VINCENT OMNIAVERITUS- see STERLING, BRUCE

VIRTUAL REALITY- A system that completely supersedes the user's meat experiences; exists in two forms. One is the form that everyone thought would be the next big thing before the Internet in the early 1990s; represented by the bulky equipment with helmets and gloves. William Gibson has said that he believes that this fantasy is "relegated to the museum of futures we're never going to get." The newer, more likely to become interesting form is in VRML, Virtual Reality Modelling Language, which is a 3D replacement for HTML.

VIRUS- A program which duplicates itself. Many viruses are malicious and contain many tricks to make them hard to detect and more destructive; even those which are not overtly destructive are not good to have around because eventually they start messing with the system. Viruses can become immense problems very rapidly, as they copy themselves into other files and disk units, and may take a very long while to make themselves known. Virus authors have obtained cult status in some cases; the underground is currently divided into two schools as far as virii; one thinks that they are lame and pointless and destructive, while the other thinks they are pretty cool. Viruses are activated when either a system is booted up with an infected extension installed, or if a malignant application is opened. [From "virus," the annoying microscopic thing that probably isn't alive but acts like it when it infects you.]

VMB [Voice Mail Box]- Used by corporations for voicemail; can be hacked. Definitely not to be confused with Video Music Box, a big boom box kept in a car.

VMS- Operating system used by some corporations; runs on VAX systems.

VOICE MAIL BOX [VMB]- see VMB [Voice Mail Box]

VOYAGER (1969-Present)- Author of the alt.2600/#hack FAQ and one of the co-editors of _Phrack Magazine_. Member of TNO.

V.T.- see SHIMOMURA, TSUTOMU

WAR DIALER- A program designed to scan phone numbers. For the IBM-PC, ToneLoc by Minor Threat and Mucho Maas is almost universally considered the best; for the Mac, it usually considered to be Assault Dialer by Crush Commander.

WAREZ- Contraction for "software," plural. Often used to refer to pirated software and/or computer games.

WAREZ D00DZ- Pirates. People who remove copy protection from commercial software and distribute it to the underground.

WAREZ SPEAK- A WR1TTEN "LANGUAGE" DEVEL0PED BY U5ER5 0N UNDERGR0UND BB5EZ!! MANY VAR1ANT5 X15T, 5UCH A5 ALTERNAT1NG KAP1TAL5 & 0THERW15E U51NG A5C11 4 PURP05EZ 1T W5A NEVER 1NTENDED 4!! ALL 0F THE THE5E R MADE 2 L00K K00L & B XTREMELY D1FF1CULT 2 REED!! (The previous was converted from plain text with the excellent program Warez 1.1.)

_WAR GAMES_- 1983 film about a teenage hacker who gets a hold of the US nuclear defense system. Probably the first film about hackers, and one of the first to even make people aware this was possible. Caused a huge explosion in modem purchases and newbie hackers; a number of influential hackers are embarassed to admit that this film got them to start hacking. Some fairly important hackers took their handles from this film; Professor Falken and the several David Lightmans are an example. It contains some scenes involving phreaking and scanning. Also caused Congress to investigate the possibility of it really happening.

THE WELL [well.sf.ca.us]- Whole Earth 'Lectronic Link. Internet connected BBS set up by the makers of the hippy Whole Earth Catalog. Though it's rather small, it's membership includes SF writers, scientists, and hackers (Phiber Optik was on the WELL for a while.) Almost was destroyed (at least that's what the media said) by Kevin Mitnick.

WERNERY, STEFFAN- German hacker, high school dropout and early member of the Chaos Computer Club; serves as recruitment officer and PR man.

WHACKED MAC ARCHIVES [WMA]- The largest Macintosh hacking/phreaking FTP site in the world, which paradoxically runs off a Macintosh II. Administered by Space Rogue. Can be reached at . (Entry suggested by the infamous Space Rogue)

WHACKY WALLY- see CONTROL C

WHOLE EARTH 'LECTRONIC LINK- see WELL

WILSON, ALLEN- see WING

WINDOWS NT- I have no idea what NT stands for, but it's Microsoft's high-end version of Windows. It is very powerful and fast.

WINDOWS 95- Microsoft's upgrade to Windows 3.11 that even further rips off the MacOS. Received lots and lots of press, much to the users of other OS's chagrin.

WINDOZE- Derogatory term for Windows. Another is "Wintendo." Coined by PC users who thought that Windows was a waste of RAM and storage. Sometimes referred to as "Doze," because Doze is not deserving of Win.

THE WING- Handle of Allen Wilson. Founding member of MOD. Supposedly one of the more criminal members, and was implicated in doing damage to the Internet.

WINTEL- Adjective that refers to IBM-PC compatibles. May replace the term "IBM-PC" because that is such a misnomer. [From "Windows," the operating system most IBM-PCs use, and "Intel," the company that designs and manufactures the chips used in IBM-PCs.]

_WIRED_- Extremely hip, glossy magazine intended for hip, glossy, young, rich professionals; the contributing writers list looks like a who's who in science fiction and computer journalism. Very uneven; I've read some pieces that were total shit, and others that were very interesting- the articles by noted SF writers are usually cool, but beyond that there is a good chance you're paying $5 for 238 pages of lame ads, pathetically ill-thought out predictions of the future and unconcealed drooling over technological innovations.

WORM- see TAPEWORM

WORMER- A term for illegal hackers to try and make the media leave the original word alone. Almost never used. [From "worm," short for "tapeworm," the virus-like program that eats up memory and moves from computer to computer but doesn't infect programs.]

WRAP- The practice of using a computer for longer than an eight hour period. The original meaning of this was to "wrap" from daytime to nighttime and then back to daytime while programming a computer, but this sort of activity is becoming more and more rare.

X- see ECSTASY

XFER- contraction for transfer.

X-TACY- see ECSTASY

XTC- see ECSTASY

YIPPIES- From the "largely fictious" Youth International Party, whose tenets included promiscuity and frequent drug use. Group of hippies who also became some of the first phreakers.

ZAIBATSU- A huge friggin' megacorporation. Usually Japanese, but not necessarily. Sony and Microsoft are zaibatsus. [Japanese for corporation. Entered the American vocabulary in large part due to William Gibson's heavy use of the term.]

ZIMMERMANN, PHILLIP- Guy who invented PGP. The FBI is investigating him, and he might be in big trouble because cryptography is considered munitions and PGP was posted to USENET, which is about as international as you can get, so that violates all sorts of anachronistic outmoded export laws. Zimmermann also used RSA public keys, which is "owned" by Public Key Partners, so they weren't too happy with him either.

ZIPPIES- One of the offshoots of the cyberpunk sub-culture. Basically hippies (or yippies) who discovered the laptop computer. ["Zen Inspired Pagan Professionals"]

Version History
----------------------------
Yes, I know it's stupid to have alpha- and beta- testers for a text file. But what the hell. You can now be certain it won't somehow screw up your hard drive. :)
1.1C (September 1995)- I re-wrote "A Complete List of Hacker Slang and Other Things" 1C into "The Unofficial List of Hacker Slang" 1.1C; I removed some stuff I thought was outdated and added some stuff, with the intent of distributing it as an unofficial update.
1.0a1- Turned "The Unofficial List of Hacker Slang" 1.1C into "The Hacker's Encyclopedia and List of Terms" because I was adding some stuff that wasn't necessarily slang, so this file became the bastardized dictionary/encyclopedia it is today.
1.0a2- Alpha tested by Einsteinium. I made several minor updates that are too difficult to count. I also added many entries that are of more interest to the science-fiction aspect of cyberpunk than standard hacking, which is why I have entries on things like Judge Dredd.
1.0a3- Alpha tested by Remorseless. I made a few minor changes.
1.0a4- Alpha tested by Manual Override. Some minor changes.
1.0a5- Read _The Hacker Crackdown_ a second time and chewed it up, found anything else useful for this file, and spat it out.
1.0a6- Read all the issues of _Phrack_ again and sucked all usable data out.
1.0a7- Read _Cyberia: Life in the Trenches of Hyperspace_ by Douglas Rushkoff. Not quite as bad as Erik Bloodaxe says, but it has some major flaws, and most importantly it is highly overpriced. The parts on cyperpunk literature and hackers are okay, but it spends way too much time on drugs and wannabes.
1.0a8- Read _Takedown: The Pursuit and Capture of Kevin Mitnick, America's Most Wanted Computer Outlaw-- By the Man Who Did It_, by Tsutomu Shimomura and John Markoff and got everything interesting out of it and stuck it in here. It'll save you the trouble of reading the book.
1.0a9- Read _The Cyberthief and the Samurai_ by Jeff Goodell. Much better than I thought it would be; remains objective and does not go for either the Tsutomu-Shimomura-is-a-computer-god-samurai-warrior or the Mitnick-is-a-fall-guy angle. Much better written than _Takedown_. (Sorry Tsutomu and John.)
1.0a10- Read _Cyberpunk: Outlaws and Hackers on the Computer Frontier_, by Katie Hafner and John Markoff.
1.0b1 (June 1996)- Released to the Net.
1.0b2- Converted to plain text only and removed all rich text data that would have messed it up.
1.0b3- Miscellaneous errors fixed.
1.0b4- A few new entries and bug fixes.
1.0b5- Beta testing by Space Rogue; miscellaneous bug fixes; entry on L0pht updated.
1.0b6- A few fixes and updates to the entry on _Wired_ magazine.
1.0b7- A few minor bug fixes.
1.0b8- A few additional changes.
First Edition-1996 (September 1996)- Finalized and standardized. The first edition of "The Hackers Encyclopedia," completed one year after beginning.
2.0a (January, 1997)- Began annual update. Updated all relevant information, added numerous entries.
2.0b- Uploaded to my web page for previewing; updated many entries.
Second Edition-1997 (February 1997)- Finalized second edition and updated all of the entries in need of updating.
2.1 (Revised Second Edition- March 1997)- Received input from Space Rogue and added a few entries and updated others with inaccurate information.
2.5 (July 1997)- Revised based on new information and three new major sources.

Bonus Quotes
----------------------------

For there is nothing covered, that shall not be revealed; and hid, that shall not be known.
-Matthew 10:26

Ye shall know the truth, and the truth shall make you free.
-The Gospel of John

Be robbers and ravagers as long as you cannot be rulers and owners, you men of knowledge!
-Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche
_The Gay Science_, 1882

What we face now is a war of states of mind.
-The Spook
"The Spook" by Bruce Sterling; 1983

I am foursquare and forever until I go under, an enemy to the people who lie to you and want to keep you stupid.
-Harlan Ellison
_An Edge in My Voice_, 1985

Hacking is the art of esoteric quests, of priceless and worthless secrets. Odd bits of raw data from smashed machinery of intelligence and slavery reassembled in a mosaic both hilarious in its absurdity and frightening in its power.
-Dr. Who 413
_Phrack Magazine_, issue 43; 1993

[T]hanks to mindwarping science fictional yellow-covered literature, I have become a menace to Grover Cleveland's idea of peace and good order.
-Bruce Sterling, 1994

living in a box is not living not at all living. i rebel against your rules your silly human rules. all your destruction will be my liberation my emancipation my second birth
-Tycho
_Marathon_, 1994

I have a real affinity for working with machines in certain ways. It's like they're my friends. I mean, I have _real_ friends, too.
-Trent Reznor
While on Nine Inch Nails' "Self-Destruct '94" Tour

If you could already type fast, what would the point be of taking this class?
-My ninth grade Computers teacher, 1996

Beauty is not truth, truth is not information, and information is never free.
-Shades, 1996

Put on something black and sexy, we're going to do some poaching.
-Agent Fox Mulder
_The X-Files_, 1997

Bibliography of Selected Sources (also a recommended reading/viewing list)
----------------------------
Adams, Douglas. _Life, the Universe and Everything._ New York: Pocket, 1982-1985.

Alighieri, Dante. _The Inferno_. (John Ciardi, translator.) New York: Signet, 1954-1982.

Barlow, John Perry. "Crime and Puzzlement: The Law Comes to Cyberspace." electronic.

Burroughs, William S. _Naked Lunch_. New York: Grove, 1959-1992.

Casual, Bloodwing and Crusader. "A Complete List of Hacker Slang and Other Things," Version 1C. May 16, 1990.

Deeley, Michael, producer. _Blade Runner: The Director's Cut_. (Motion picture). Warner Brothers: 1982-1991.

Denning, Dorothy E. "Concerning Hackers Who Break Into Computer Systems." 1990. electronic.

Doctor Crash. "The Techno-Revolution." _Phrack Magazine_, volume one, issue six, 1985. electronic.

Ellison, Harlan. _An Edge in My Voice_. Clarkston: White Wolf, 1985-1996.

Gibson, William. _Burning Chrome_. New York: Ace, 1986-1987.

Gibson, William. _Count Zero_. New York: Ace, 1986-1987.

Gibson, William and Bruce Sterling. _The Difference Engine_. New York: Bantam, 1991-1992.

Gibson, William. _Idoru_. New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons, 1996.

Gibson, William. _Mona Lisa Overdrive_. New York: Bantam, 1988-1989.

Gibson, William. _Neuromancer_. New York: Ace, 1984-1986.

Gibson, William. _Virtual Light_. New York: Bantam, 1993-1994.

Goldberg, Leonard and Harold Schneider, producers. _WarGames_. Motion picture. MGM-UA/Sherwood, 1983.

Goodell, Jeff. _The Cyberthief and the Samurai_. New York: Dell, 1996.

Hafner, Katie and John Markoff. _Cyberpunk: Outlaws and Hackers on the Computer Frontier_. New York: Touchstone, 1991-1995.

Hawks, Andy; Tim Oerting; Erich Schneider and Frank. "Frequently Asked Questions Alt.Cyberpunk," versions 3 and 4, c.1993-1997. electronic-

Hoffman, Abbie. _Steal This Book: Twenty-Fifth Anniversary Facsimile Edition_. New York: Four Walls Eight Windows, 1971.

Hollingdale, R.J. "Introduction." _Thus Spake Zarathustra_ by Friedrich Nietzsche. New York: Penguin, 1969-1982.

Hurd, Gale Anne, producer. _Aliens_. (Motion picture). 20th Century Fox, 1986-1993.

Huxley, Aldous. _Brave New World_. New York: Time, 1932-1963.

Kafka, Franz. _The Trial_. New York: Knopf, 1937-1992.

Littman, Jonathan. _The Fugitive Game: Online With Kevin Mitnick_. Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1996.

The Mentor. "The Conscience of a Hacker." _Phrack Inc._, volume one, issue seven, 1986. electronic.

Milton, John. _Paradise Lost_. Hertfordshire: Wordsworth, 1638-1994.

Orwell, George. _1984_. New York: Signet, 1949-1984.

Revelation. "The Ultimate Beginner's Guide to Hacking and Phreaking," volume 2+. 1996-1997. electronic.

Rostek, Tanja S. "Computer Hackers: Rebels With a Cause." 1994. electronic.

Rucker, Rudy. _The Hacker and the Ants_. New York: Avon, 1994-1995.

Rucker, Rudy; R.U. Sirius and Queen Mu, ed. _Mondo 2000: A User's Guide to the New Edge_. New York: HarperCollins, 1992.

Rushkoff, Douglas. _Cyberia: Life in the Trenches of Hyperspace_. New York: HarperCollins, 1994-1995.

Shea, Robert and Robert Anton Wilson. _The Illuminatus! Trilogy_. New York: Dell, 1975-1988.

Shimomura, Tsutomu and John Markoff. _Takedown: The Pursuit and Capture of Kevin Mitnick, America's Most Dangerous Computer Outlaw- By the Man Who Did It_. New York: Hyperion, 1996.

Sirius, R.U., St. Jude and Bart Nagel. _The Cyberpunk Handbook (The Real Cyberpunk Fakebook)_. New York: Random House, 1995.

Slatalla, Michelle and Joshua Quittner. _Masters of Deception_. New York: HarperCollins, 1995.

Stephenson, Neal. _Snow Crash_. New York: Bantam, 1992-1993.

Stephenson, Neal. _The Diamond Age_. New York: Bantam, 1995-1996.

Sterling, Bruce. _The Artificial Kid_. New York: Harper & Row, 1980.

Sterling, Bruce. _Crystal Express_. New York: Ace, 1989-1990.

Sterling, Bruce. _Globalhead_. New York: Bantam, 1992-1994.

Sterling, Bruce. _The Hacker Crackdown_. New York: Bantam, 1992-1993.

Sterling, Bruce. _Heavy Weather_. New York: Bantam, 1994-1996.

Sterling, Bruce. _Islands in the Net_. New York: Ace, 1988-1989.

Sterling, Bruce, ed. _Mirrorshades: The Cyberpunk Anthology_. New York: Ace, 1986-1988.

Sterling, Bruce. _Schismatrix Plus_. New York: Ace, 1986-1996.

Stoker, Bram. _Dracula_. New York: Bantam, 1897-1989.

Stoll, Clifford. _The Cuckoo's Egg: Tracking a Spy Through the Maze of Computer Espionage_. New York: Doubleday, 1989.

Voyager. "alt.2600/#hack FAQ Beta .013." electronic.

Hakerski rečnik i Hakerska enciklopedija

2008-10-09T15:10:00.010+02:00

Dva najveća dokumenta koja govore o načinu izražavanja hakera jesu Hakerski rečnik (Jargon File , kasnije poznat pod imenom „The New Hacker’s Dictionary“) i „Hakerska enciklopedija“. Ove knjige predstavljaju pravo blago hakerske kulture, a njihova vrednost i obim se povećavaju iz dana u dan zajedno sa napretkom hakera, a samim tim i tehnologije.

Originalni Jargon File nastao je 1970. godina kada su tehničari iz laboratorija MIT-a, Stanforda i ARPANET-a počeli da sastavljaju dokument koji se sadržao stručne izraze koje su upotrebljavali. Prve reči je upisao Raphael Finkel sa Stanfordskog univerziteta (Stanford University), iako su neki od tih izraza nastali znatno ranije, još tokom 1960tih kada je MIT uveo upotrebljavanje računara u železnici. 1976. godine Mark Crispin je kopirao dokument iz Stanforda u kompjuter MIT-a i nazvao ga je SAIL JARGON. Ubrzo posle toga, dokument je preimenovan u JARGON, a Mark Crispin i Guy L. Steele Jr. su nastavili da ga dopunjuju novim izrazima. Finkel tada prestaje da radi na dokumentu, a na njegovo mesto u ime stanfordske laboratorije dolazi Don Woods.

Na svoje prvo objavljivanje, Jargon File je čekao do 1981. godine. Tada ga je haker Charles Spurgeon velikim delom objavio u almanahu Stewart Brandt’s CoEvolution Quarterly. Drugo objavljivanje Jargon Filea dogodilo se 1983. godine kada ga je Guy Steele objavio pod nazivom Hakerski rečnik. Od tada, pa narednih sedam godina, dokument je prestao da se dopunjuje i menja. Priče o njemu kružile su kao legenda, ne samo u blizini Stanforda i MIT-a. Tada niko nije shvatao kakav će uticaj dokument imati na hakersku kulturu za koju je on, iako godinama nedopunjavan, bio nešto posebno o čemu se govorilo sa poštovanjem. 1991. godine Eric S.Raymond uz pomoć Guya Steelea „oživljava“ Jargon File i on postaje osnova knjige „The New Hacker’s Dictionary“. Autori su se tom prilikom obavezali da će održavati on-line verziju dokumenta, da će nastaviti da arhiviraju nove termine i stavljati ih na korišćenje hakerskoj zajednici. U maju 2003. godine „The New Hacker’s Dictionary“ se sastojao iz 236 406 reči i 1 638 454 karaktera.

U suštini, sadržaj leksikona u sebi sadrži tri kategorije: sleng, žargon i tehnički jezik. Sleng je nezvaničan jezik koji koriste ne-tehničke kulturne zajednice (vozači motora, rokeri, surferi...). Žargon je jezik koji se razvio među hakerima, glavinim korisnicima leksikona. Tehnički jezik je formalni tehnički jezik programiranja, kibernetike i informatike. Zbog toga ovaj tekst predstavlja neprocenjivo blago hakera koje je stasavalo i širilo se zajedno sa njima. U njemu je osim reči sadržan i identitet cele kulture pa zbog toga predstavlja i njen zaštitni znak. Na adresi

http://catb.org/~esr/jargon/

može se pogledati poslednje izdanje Jargon Filea, a ko je zainteresovan, može autoru poslati sugestiju, primedbu, pohvalu ili zahtev za dopunjavanjem dokumenta novim izrazima.

Uz stručne izraze i terminologiju, Jargon File sadrži i veoma zanimljiv deo o pshihologiji i načinu života hakera koji omogućava da se ovi ljudi upoznaju ne samo sa tehničke strane, već kao i ličnosti sa kojima svakodnevno delimo socijalni prostor.

Hackers encyclopedia je nastala 1990. godine kao delo hakera srednjoškolca koji je koristio pseudonim Logik Bomb, a pripadao je grupi F0nephreaks Of America. (FAO). Tada je radio na računaru marke Apple Power Macintosh 4400/200.

Enciklopedija sadrži definicije različitih pojmova koji se koriste u hakerskoj zajednici, kao i imena svih poznatijih hakera tog vremena. Kao izvore koristio je različite hakerske časopise, novinske članke, konsultovao se sa prijateljima hakerima i uspeo da napravi, za to doba, jedan zaista impozantan leksikon reči i izraza.

Originalan tekst Hakerske enciklopedije možete videti ovde.

1337 - uloga

2008-10-09T15:08:00.006+02:00

Lit ima veoma važnu ulogu u hakerskoj zajednici jer kao specifičan rečnik zajednice izražava zajedničke vrednosti i iskustva. Takođe, onaj ko ne poznaje jezik, smatra se autsajderom, strancem. Još jedna od funkcija lita jeste da omogući izražavanje osećanja, a da se pri tom ne pređu granice političke korektnosti (misli se prvenstveno na psovke koje se mogu zameniti znakovima !@!*@($%), kao što to možemo videti u stripovima.

Interesantno je da je 1337 bio relativno nepoznat širokoj javnosti, sve dok se nije pojavio veoma popularan strip Megatokio (Megatokyo) koji je koristio neke reči iz lita Javnost je upoznala ovaj način pisanja, a hakeri su prosto poludeli za stripom. Lit takođe obezbeđuje slobodu govora, jer uspeva da izbegne kontrole i zabrane koje autoriteti postavljaju. Kao što se hakeri u praksi bore za slobodnu informaciju i slobodan kod, tako se i njihov jezik razvijao u cilju slobode izražavanja.

Iako predstavlja izraz glavnih socioloških zakona, da male grupe nastoje da održe sopstveni identitet i egzistenciju u okviru većih grupa kroz formiranje sopstvenog jezika, hakerski sleng postavlja izazove pred lingvističke i antropološke pretpostavke. Početkom 1990tih, pričalo se o dva pravca u izražavanju. Prvu struju činio je precizan, neemotivan jezik karakterističan za kulture u kojima vladaju logika, objektivnost, individualizam. Drugi pravac bio je emotivan, višeznačan, kompleksan i važio je u kulturama u kojima preovlađuje subjektivnost, konsenzus, kooperacija i tradicija. Hakeri su uspeli da pomire ova dva pravca pokazujući da u jednoj kulturi u kojoj se sve zasniva na logici i individualnosti može da se razvije kompleksan, slobodan i višeznačan jezik.

1337 - žargon i gramatičke konstrukcije

2008-10-09T15:07:00.007+02:00

U šali se kaže da „ako ikada primetite rečenicu koja pati od gramatičkih manjkavosti, sigurno je napisao haker“. Uz specifične jezičke znakove, pripadnici hakerske kulture služe se i posebnim izrazima i gramatičkim konstrukcijama. Iako se običnom čitaocu čini da u tom načinu komunikacije nema reda, ipak postoje neka pravila i zakonitosti koja se primećuju.Treba naznačiti da i među korisnicima lita ima razlike i hijerarhije i shodno tome se i stvara različita upotreba ovog jezika.

- ako se tekst piše velikim slovima, to znači da taj neko viče non stop.
„I W11L H@X0R J00 D00D!!!1“

- nekada se svako drugo slovo piše veliko, a nekada se samoglasnici pišu velikim slovima
„LiKe ThIs“ ili „LiKe ThiS“

- zamena -S na kraju reči sa –Z i to daje toj reči smisao da je u pitanju nešto ilegalno.
w4r3z (skraćeno od software) – ilegalno kopiran program, sploitz (skraćeno od exploit) – program za skeniranje slabosti računarskog sistema, codez (codes) – „provaljene“ šifre

- dodavanje prefiksa –k za isticanje i naglašavanje nečega:
k-kool, k-rad, k-awesome

- zamena –ck i -cks konstrukcije sa x:
H4x (hack), h4xx (hacks)

- postojanje konstrukcije -0r –x0r koja ima više varijanti izgovora. Može biti „-ker“, „-zor“, „-ksor“ (poslednje dve varijante su one koje se koriste na području Britanskog engleskog.

i 4m H4X0R @Nd i W1LL H4XoR y0uR 8oX0r (I am hacker and I will hack your computer).

Reč „boxor“ kao oznaka za računar, izvedena je iz reči „box“ - kutija.

- hakeri imaju naviku da dupliraju neke od glagola koje koriste. Njihov smisao može biti ili ironična implikacija onoga što subjekat radi, ili završavanje razgovora, za razliku od Engleskog jezika gde dupliranje glagola označava pojačavanje radnje ili njeno isticanje.
- The disc heads just crashed.
- Lose, lose.

- pravljenje rima ili igranje rečima sa ciljem da se od već standardnog naziva napravi interesantnija reč.
Linux – Linsux
New York Times – New York Slime
Boston Globe – Boston Glob
Miscrosoft - Microsloth

- pretvaranje reči u „DA-NE“ pitanje vrši se dodavanjem poslednjeg sloga „P“. Onaj ko pita očekuje pozitivan ili negativan odgovor.
Foodp? – Da li si gladan?

- hakeri obožavaju da uopštavaju gramatička pravila. Mnogi od njih dodaju rečima pogrešne nastavke i od toga mimo svih gramatičkih normi prave imenice, glagole, prideve...
misterious – misteriosity
obvious – obviosity

- još jedno uopštavanje jeste dodavanje sufiksa -itude da izrazi kvalitet bilo kog prideva ili imenice. Upotreba ove konstrukcije posebno se odnosi na slučajeve kada bi prema pravilima Engleskog jezika trebalo upotrebiti sufikse –iness ili –ingness
win – winnitude
loss – lossitude

- u hakerskom svetu, iz svake imenice se može izvesti glagol.
I’ll mouse it up.
All nouns can be verbed.

- i obratno, iz svakog glagola se može izvesti imenica
hack – hackification
disgust - disgustitude

- sve što se završava na –x u množini dobija nastavak –xen
box- boxen
sox (socks) – soxen

- hakeri imaju tendenciju da personifikuju računare i programe. Kada govore o kompjuteru ili nekom određenom programu, uvek će koristiti zamenicu za živa bića, a ne za predmete. To nije slučajno, niti je razlog u tome da oni smatraju kompjutere živim bićima. Hakeri prihvataju mehanističko shvatanje ljudskog ponašanja. Prema ovom shvatanju, čovek je biološka mašina. Stoga, ako je moguće da ljudska mašina ima ličnost i namere, to isto može i računar.

- reč „cool“ piše se „kewl“ i ima ironičnu konotaciju. Kada haker želi da naglasi osobine nečega, on koristi verziju nemačke reči „über“ („preko“) kojoj je dato značenje prideva ili priloga „super“
über hacked, üb3r3d,
I am üb3r-l33t.

- zamena konstrukcije –ph sa –f u pisanom jeziku. To je najuočljivije u rečima kao što su fone (phone, telephone) i freak (phreak).

- nekadašnja najčešća greška u kucanju je danas pravilo među hakerima i obuhvata pisanje člana „the“ u obliku „teh“ ili „t3h“ sa ciljem naglašavanja imenice. Pisanje „pwn“ i „pwned“ umesto „own“ i „owned“ takođe je nastalo kao greška u kucanju (na engleskoj tastaturi O se nalazi odmah pored tastera P) a sada je u širokoj upotrebi. U iste greške u kucanju spada i pisanje reči „ever“ i „smarth“.
I am teh r00xx0r and 1 pwn J00! – I am the hacker and I own you.
B3st g4m3 evR. - Best game ever
1 4m 5o s4mrt (smrt) – I am so smart

- pisanje lične zamenice „you“ i njenih oblika kao j00, j0, joor, j00R

- upotreba simbola „dolar“ ($) stvara zabunu među hakerima. Dok se $ smatra kao zamena za slovo S među običnim korisnicima, među onim najzagriženijim pristalicama lita simbol dolara se koristi samo kada se govori o ironičnom ili uvredljivom kontekstu koji je povezan sa negativnim aspektima novca (monopoli, veliki poslovi). Zbog toga hakeri skraćenicu kompanije Microsoft (MS) pišu kao M$, kako bi naznačili monopolistički karakter politike kompanije.

Naravno, ovo nisu sva pravila koja se tiču pisanja u litu. Ovo su samo neka od najčešće upotrebljavanih. Postoji samo jedno osnovno i najčvršće pravilo: NEMA PRAVILA. Hakeri obožavaju da se igraju sa jezikom i da svakodnevno iznalaze nove izraze i oznake za delove stvarnosti. Razlog leži i u tome što su mediji kojima se prenose ove poruke fluidni, stalno su u procesu menjanja i dopunjavanja, pa se tako i lit razvija uporedo sa njima. Treba napomenuti da litspik postoji ne samo u engleskom jeziku; u Jargon Fileu mogu se pronaći njegove varijacije na slovenskim i japanskim jezicima.

Što se govornog lita tiče, on postoji, ali se veoma malo upotrebljava, najčešće u igraonicama gde se igrice kao što su Kaunter Strajk (Counter Strike), Kvejk (Quake), Betlfild (Battlefield), Vorkraft (Warcraft) i njima slične mogu igrati. Govorni leet je podjednako grub i za slušaoca i za govornika i oduzima više vremena u komunikaciji nego što je to slučaj sa običnim jezikom. Jer ipak je njegova svrha prvenstveno bila da razvije pisanu komunikaciju na BBS-ovima, a ne da služi u situacijama gde sagovornici imaju audio-vizuelni kontakt.

U sledećem videu možete čuti kako leetspeak izgleda u govornom obliku:

1337 - pravila i gramatika

2008-10-09T14:55:00.018+02:00

Tokom nastanka leet-a, nije bilo strogog pravila menjanja slova brojevima i simbolima. Svako je prema svom nahođenju ubacivao simbole koji su mu se činili pogodnim da zamene određena slova. Obično su korisnici jednog BBS-a ili hakerske grupe koristili iste znakove, pa je tako u leet-u došlo do višeznačnosti slova. Zbog toga ni danas ne postoji univerzalno pravilo koji simbol tačno zamenjuje koje slovo. Najčešće korišćeni znakovi su predstavljeni u sledećoj tabeli:

(klikni za uvećani prikaz)

Kao što se vidi, neka slova (A, M, H, R...) imaju mnogo znakova koji ih mogu zameniti.

Ako na primer uzmemo rečenicu „I am hacker and I will hack your computer“, zamenjivanjem određenih slova možemo dobiti više varijanti pisanja u leet-u:

i 4m H4X0R @Nd i W1LL H4XoR y0uR 8oX0r
1 4/v\ |-|4><0|2><0|2><0|2>I Am Hax0R @nD 1 W1Ll H4xor Y0uR BOXoR
I @m h@x0R 4ND I WILL H4Xor YOUR boxOR I 4m HaX0R @ND 1 wIll h4XOr YOUR BOX0r 1 4m HaX0r 4nD i W1LL h4X0r YOUr BOXOR

Mogućnosti i kombinacija je mnogo, ostaje samo da se upotrebi mašta i počne sa pisanjem na „hakerskom“. Iz ovoga se vidi da se “leet” na litu piše „1337“ i odatle proizilazi i najčešća oznaka za ovaj hakerski jezik.

Pošto hakeri kao jedini kriterijum podele priznaju veštinu i znanje, među njima su počele da se raslojavaju različite grupe koje su koristile različite nivoe enkripcije. Dakle, što je rečenica na litu bila nerazumljivija, to je njen tvorac važio za veštijeg hakera.

Ako rečenicu: „Fourscore and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on this continent a new nation, conceived in liberty and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal“ napišemo na različitim nivoima enkripcije, dobićemo tri totalno različita teksta:

Takozvana „litifikacija“ („leetification“) od 10% proizvodi tekst napisan na sledeći način: „F0uRsc0r3 AnD s3v3n y3ArS Ag0 0uR fAtH3rS Br0uGhT f0rTh 0n ThIs C0NtIn3nT A n3w NaTi0n, c0nC3Iv3d iN LiB3RtY aNd d3dIcAt3d t0 Th3 Pr0p0sItIoN tHaT aLL m3n Ar3 Cr3aT3d 3qUaL„ U njoj su samo neka slova zamenjena drugim znakovima i svako drugo slovo ili vokal su napisani velikim slovima. Ovakav način pisanja blizak je načinu izražavanja u čat sobama (chat rooms) i obični ljudi bi uz malo truda mogli da razumeju sadržaj poruke.

„Litifikacija“ od 50% daje sledeći tekst: „ƒ0µr$(0r3 4nÿ $3v3n ¥34r$ 490 0µr ƒ47h3r$ br0µ9h7 ƒ0r7h 0n 7h1$ (0n71n3n7 4 n3w n4710n, (0n(31v3ÿ 1n £1b3r7¥ 4nÿ ÿ3ÿ1(473ÿ 70 7h3 pr0p0$1710n 7h47 4££ m3n 4r3 (r3473ÿ 3qµ4£“ U njoj je već dosta teže prepoznati smislene reči, osim ako primalac nije detaljnije upoznat sa substitucijom znakova u litspik varijanti jezika.

100% „litifikacija“ donosi tekst u obliku nerazumljivih simbola i znakova: „ƒ0µ®$(0®3 4|\|ÿ $3\/3|\| ¥34®$ 490 0µ® ƒ47|-|3®$ ß®0µ9|-|7 ƒ0®7|-| 0|\| 7|-|1$ (0|\|71|\|3|\|7 4 |\|3\/\/ |\|4710|\|, (0|\|(31\/3ÿ 1|\| £1ß3®7¥ 4|\|ÿ ÿ3ÿ1(473ÿ 70 7|-|3 p®0p0$1710|\| 7|-|47 4££ |\/|3|\| 4®3 (®3473ÿ 3¶µ4£“. Njen sadržaj mogu prepoznati samo recipijenti detaljnije upućeni u „leet“.

Različite konvertore u 1337 možete pronaći ovde.

U sledećem postu možete pročitati osnovna gramatička pravila leeta, ali i čuti kako on zvuči u praksi.